Conducting certain types of work in the construction, mining industries, or in a crushed stone industry involves the use of various special equipment. And since the work on construction or career sites occurs in fairly difficult conditions, then the special equipment there should be a reliable and non-mercy, which has increased permeability and maneuverability.

Improving the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such trouble-free equipment, in 1966, the Swedish company Volvo released the first articulated dump truck (although the concept of connecting the tractor tractor with a semi-trailer appeared long before this). Currently, several companies specializing in the production of such universal machines are engaged in the production of construction and road construction equipment.

Scope of use of articulated dump trucks

Most often, the dump trucks with the articulated frame are used in the transportation of bulk cargo for complex or rough terrain, as well as in areas with a harsh climate. Nevertheless, the movement of the soil is not the main function of this type of special equipment, since specially equipped trucks have proven itself and when performing other works: when transporting containers, lengths, watches and other equipment, in extreme conditions. This special equipment is especially in demand and during the extraction of sand or other raw materials in quarries and mines, since its use is often cost-effective than using ordinary dump trucks, bulldozers or excavators.

The advantage of the articulated dump truck before the usual automotive vehicle is obvious, because in the articulated car, the ratio of carrying capacity and mass of the machine is better, and this directly affects the life of the equipment and its maneuverability. The design features of this special equipment protect it from overloads, ensure reliable grip in complex areas of the road, ensure safe tipping of the body. Modern dump trucks provide optimal working conditions due to the air conditioning system, reduced noise level in the cabin, a good overview and a rigid three-point front suspension.

Design and main characteristics of articulated dump trucks

Since the release of the first sample, the design of the articulated dump truck has not changed significantly: the frame is performed from two sections interconnected by hinges. Such a hinge design of the articulation allows sections to move relative to each other, which reduces the load on the mechanism and provides permanent and reliable contact of the wheels with the road.

The carrying capacity of this technique varies from 10 to 50 tons, but by the greatest demand is used by car with a carrying capacity of up to 30 tons. Manufacturers offer trio (less than two-axis) cars with wheel formulas 6x4 and 6x6. Hinged-artized dump trucks can be trailers who are in a bundle with tractors, multi-axis tractors or auto-referee, which come along with uniaxial transport.

Body is installed on different models of dump trucks adapted to various types of unloading (tipping, dumping, unloading with a distribution dispenser). The machines are approximately the same: hydromechanical transmission, drive only on the front axle, oil-loading brake mechanisms, processors, mechanisms of blocking axial and inter-axis differentials. Engines on the special equipment are installed diesel (row and V-shaped).

The cost of the articulated dump truck depends on the manufacturer, model, carrying capacity, configuration, and many other nuances.

V.D. Kovrigin

Since the 1960s, in the world practice of creating mobile equipment for the carriage of bulk and small-sized building materials and various rocks for difficult tracks and off-road, a new direction has become a new direction - the creation of wheeled hinged-artized high-passing machines, characterized by a small sensitivity to the quality of the road linen .

The famous Volvo company was the famous company of this direction. In subsequent years, a number of leading companies specializing in the creation and production of mobile earthmoving, road construction and mining equipment, this direction was expanded.

This type of dump truck is intended for use in various branches of construction during the carriage of goods in difficult conditions, as well as during mining of minerals and building materials in an open way for their transportation from the diseases to the discharge points. Such dump trucks were used with the winding and sinking of the soil and empty breed into the dumps.

It should be noted that the use of articulated dump trucks is not limited to construction and career works. Separate manufacturers using the basic chassis of such dump trucks, equip them with garbage truck containers of large capacity, equipment for the transport of containers, long loads (pipes during the construction of pipelines of various purposes), as well as equipment for the removal of whips and sorting in logging production.

Abroad, a number of leading companies are engaged over the creation and production of articulated dump trucks, including Volvo CE (Sweden), Terex (England), Caterpillar (USA), Komatsu (Japan), Astra (Italy), Bell (South Africa and Germany) , CASE NEW HOLLAND - CNH (England, Germany, Italy) and others.
In Russia, work on the creation and organization of the production of articulated dump trucks has begun in the 1990s. At CJSC "Chelyabinsk Construction and Road Machines". The plant created two models of such dump trucks 16 and 25 tons.

In Belarus, three models of articulated dump trucks from 25 to 50 tons were created in the Mogilev Automobile Plant from 25 to 50 tons, and one model g / n 36 tons was created on "BelAZ".

Considering the nomenclature of the articulated dump trucks of domestic and foreign production, which includes 38 models of machines, you can set their distribution over the loading levels. The smallest amount of models falls on groups of g / n up to 20 tons (1 model) and over 40 tons (two models). The greatest number of models created by g / p 20-25 tons (10 models). Then the group of g / n 35-40 tons (9 models) follows, and the share of groups of g / n 25-30 tons and 30-35 tons account for 8 models. The specified distribution allows us to conclude that the most popular are articulated dump trucks in the range of lifting capacity from 20 to 40 tons. The table shows the brief specifications of the articulated dump trucks of various manufacturers, structured by carrying capacity.

To date, there has been a clear concept of creating articulated dump trucks, which are characterized by the following principal design solutions.

A modular layout diagram based on the principle of separating engine and cargo modules connected by a special hinged device. The largest distribution was the wheelchair with three leading bridges (wheel formula 6x6). A two-axis schemes are used (wheel formula 4x4), which are used for machines g / n no more than 25 tons. As a rule, the front module on which the engine unit is mounted, has a uniaxial version, and the rear cargo module is a two-axis version.
The principled layout of the articulated dump truck is shown in Fig. one.

Middle-turn diesel engines of liquid cooling with row and V-shaped location of cylinders, equipped in some cases of turbocharging and intermediate cooling of influxing air, are used as energy plants. The engines used have an increased margin of torque (20-25%) and meet modern international requirements for exhaust gas. Volvo, Caterpillar and Komatsu are installed engines of their own production. Moxy applies SCANIA engines, Bell - Mercedez Benz engines, Astra - Iveco engines, Terex engines - Cummins engines. Domestic manufacturers use engines of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, Cummins and MTU firms.

Type view of the transmission is a hydromechanical transmission with a blocked torque converter, with a planetary transmission with automatic control, with switching under load providing obtaining 6-7 front transmission and up to 3 gears - reverse. Dressing boxes are used with mechanisms for blocking inter-axis differentials with hydraulic speed retarders (used when working on descents). As a rule, all leading bridges with differential blocking mechanisms are used. The wheel drive locking mechanisms make it possible to choose the optimal modes of operation depending on the ground conditions and workloads up to the full blocking of all differentials than the maximum flexibility of selecting traction on wheels is achieved. With the simultaneous inclusion of the differential locking system, synchronous rotation of all drive wheels is provided. Circuit diagrams of operation of the mechanisms of blocking differentials are shown in Fig. 2. Selecting the lock mode is carried out directly by the operator.

Usually used multi-disc brakes operating in oil and planetary wheels gearboxes. These components are usually mounted in a single block of the leading bridge.

The leading manufacturers of the virtual and articulated dump trucks Volvo, Caterpillar and Komatsu use their own manufacturing transmissions. Other companies Terex, Astra, Bell, Moxy use transmissions of famous ZF and Allison firms. Domestic manufacturer - CJSC "Chelyabinsk Construction and Road Machines" apply the transmissions of the company ZF and Raba bridges.

The use of a hinged-artized frame and a hydraulic reference control system allows you to accurately and smoothly control the rotation, reaching a high machine maneuverability. Usually the angle of folding seats is from 38 ° to 45 °, which allows the operator to turn and maneuvering the front module in severe road conditions, achieving high patency.

The use of three-point, non-maintenance, front axle suspension makes it possible to provide constant contact of the wheels with the soil when overcoming large irregularities and contributes to a decrease in dynamic loads on the front semiramp. Cargo suspension
Lodges ensures not only high adaptableness to relief irregularities, but also high stability and better cargo hold in the body. The use of a special beam of the rear trolley contributes to unloading the back of the frame and ensure the uniform distribution of the load between the rear bridges of the machine.

The use of a body of a symmetric design with a pro-tiv-fledged fence, which is made of high-strength sheets of increased hardness and wear resistance to abrasion, allows you to do without applying anti-wear plates. The optimal body sizes provide easy loading of materials and rocks, as well as unload both under the slopes, and in the bunker. The use of an engine embedded in the body does not allow the material to be transported to trying to try the walls of the body.

Considerable attention is paid to all firms to create comfortable working conditions of the operator. On all models of dump trucks are installed all-metal shu-meovibrozolated cabins with good, and sometimes panoramic, overview of the front of work. The design of the cabin, the upper structure of the dump truck and the total layout construction emphasize the perfection of the design and the functional purpose of the machine. Cabins are equipped with all necessary instrumentation and systems that allow you to control the main parameters of dump trucks and warning about the possibility of emergency situations. The front dashboard is arranged in the image and likeness of the passenger car. The location of pedals, control handles complies with the requirements of international ISO standards. Location of steps for lifting in the cabin, the dimensions of the doorway are made in accordance with international security requirements. The operator's seat (with seat belts) is regulated by the growth and weight of the driver and installed on shock absorbers. The seat is usually located in the center of the front axle, which corresponds to the zone less sensitive to fluctuations and vibration. The noted, in combination with the adjustable steering column, creates the driver comfortable conditions for work (Fig. 3).

The use of efficient cab soundproofing allows you to reach a low noise level, which in different modes of operation is within 72-79 dB (A). Usually, the cabins are equipped with an effective climate control system, which, depending on weather conditions, can operate in three modes: heating, cooling and ventilation. The cabins are mandatory contain a system for protecting the operator's life in case of tipping the machine (ROPS) and in case of falling on the cabin of heavy items (FOPS). These protection systems must fully meet the requirements of international standards.

Many manufacturers offer a fairly wide range of features and additional equipment. These include a complete set of bodies for the transport of lightweight materials, with a reduced dimension in height, for the transport of rocks, as well as equipped with a Multi Lift system and special equipment for the transport of long cargo.

The list of additional equipment includes a hinged back board, anterior anti-shield, side panels, etc.

All models of dump trucks are equipped with wide-profile radial-type tires with a veneer tread pattern.

Considerable attention is paid to issues of reducing complexity and facilitate access to nodes requiring maintenance. This is achieved both by increasing the intervals between types of maintenance and good accessibility for its holding. Folded hoods, cabins, additional ladies and other devices are used (Fig. 4).

Some companies, taking into account the climatic features of a number of regions of Russia, when the operation of the machines is carried out at low negative temperatures, propose the use of a special, so-called "Siberian package", which provides for the equipment of the most important assemblies of the dump trucks by electrical heaters, high pressure hoses and rubber-technical products (seals, shock absorbers and etc.) from special frost-resistant materials and installation in the cabin of an autonomous diesel heater.

To date, finally articulated off-road dump trucks have not been widely used in Russia. The experience of operating such dump trucks, the production of Volvo, in the North-Western, Central, Ural and Siberian regions shows their effectiveness. The exhibition of "Surgutneftegaz", as well as the Union of Sibtrans with the base in Novy Urengoy, has extensive experience in the use of articulated dumplings.

The articulated dump truck, or landozoz, is a powerful special equipment of increased patency, intended for transporting large volumes of bulk materials in off-road conditions. It exceeds standard models for a number of parameters. The key feature of the articulated dump truck is the optimal balance of mass and lifting capacity, due to which the technique demonstrates excellent maneuverability and exceptional reliability. These machines are capable of performing complex tasks at minimal time costs.

Application area

Increased loss allows the use of articulated dump trucks for the transport of bulk cargo in rough terrain and dirt roads. Also, this special equipment is optimal in places with complex climatic conditions. The most widespread use of articulated dump trucks received in the mining industry. They are used in the development of career deposits and mines. Also, these machines are actively used in the construction sector - on unprepared construction sites during the sinking of the soil in the process of overwork. In the oil industry, dump trucks of this type are used in the arrangement of deposits and laying pipelines. The possibilities of technology are not limited to the transportation of soil and bulk materials. With the help of such trucks, you can carry long loads, containers, watch houses and other equipment.

Benefits

The dump truck with the articulated frame has certain advantages in comparison with highway models. In particular, it is more effectively coping with various transport challenges on the ground with bad permeability. He also wins due to the ability to quickly and safely overcome steep lifts. Maneuverability and small radius of the reversal give him the opportunity to perform tasks on a limited area: on construction sites, mountain workouts, in dense forest thickets. It is able to make a circular reversal almost in place and without a speed set. In this case, compact allows it to move and on asphalt roads of general purpose. Features of the design also provide these machines with the ability to withstand heavy loads and protect against tipping.

Classification

The articulated dump truck has a classic design that has practically not changed since the creation of the first model. The main element is a movable two-section frame, parts of which are connected by hinges. The standard set of chassis includes diesel engines, hydromechanical transmission, inter-axis and axial differential locks, front-wheel drive and oil-loaded brakes. Also, the structure includes a spacious V-shaped body and a spacious cabin.

The classification of articulated dump trucks is made according to the following criteria:

• for carrying capacity: Small (10-30 tons), average (30-50 tons), large (more than 50 tons);
• the number of axes: two- or three-axis chassis;
• fashion unloading method:dumping, tipping, forced unloading.

Specifications

A variety of model range of articulated dump trucks requires a responsible approach to the choice of the machine. A truck must fully comply with the type of work performed and operating conditions. To do this, you need to pay special attention to the following specifications:

• the number of axes and wheeled formula
• models and engine power,
• payload
• reversal diameter
• unloading method
• total mass
• bodyness of the body,
• movement speed.

Hinged and articulated Cat® dump trucks

The American concern Caterpillar produces trucks of this type since 1985. The model range includes 9 machines in different versions. All articulated dump trucks are triaxial. The volume of the body reaches 25 m 3. The technique is characterized by ease of operation, but it is hardy, productive and effective in solving various tasks. Cat® buying or renting Cat® provides safe transportation of goods, even in extreme conditions, significantly reducing temporary and financial costs. Read in detail from the model m.and and their features can be.

725c2. The dump trucks of this model are equipped with durable powerful C9.3 ACERT engines, which are the patented development of the Caterpillar manufacturer and meet the advanced requirements of the EU and the United States to toxize the emissions of harmful substances. The machines implemented APECS strategies - electronic control of increased performance. This ensures not only the increase in the latter, but also an increase in acceleration, as well as smooth gear shift. The 725C dump trucks are also implemented by many other technical improvements aimed at improving the convenience and safety of work, as well as machine functionality. The updated rear and front frames have a significant safety margin, the fuel tank capacity is also enhanced. In the dump trucks there are a fuse of a parking brake switch, a color multi-function screen, preparation is prepared for mounting the anti-theft system.

730C2. This model has a lifting capacity of 28 tons and the operational mass of 51.7 tons. It is equipped with a durable powerful CAT CAT CO13 ACERT engine corresponding to modern environmental requirements. By implementing the Apecs electronic management strategies, smooth gear shift is provided, an increase in productivity and good acceleration. Much attention is paid to the safety of 730s2 dump trucks with the articulated frame. The machines are present in the speed limit function, a reliable engine compression brake. Additionally, on the roof you can install external lighting lights. The engine is characterized by the reliability of operation, which is also achieved by implementing advanced solutions, for example, a thrust repayment system. It is also necessary to note the increased capacity of the fuel tank, which allows you to increase the time between refueling.

740GC From the previous model, such dump trucks differ in increased lifting capacity and capacity (up to 38 tons and 23 m 3, respectively). Machines 740GC have high strength, reliability and performance. Due to the configuration of advanced engines and ease of service, they provide reduction in operating costs. The actuators are equipped with ACERT technology, therefore, they are distinguished by reduced emissions and meet the current environmental requirements of the EU and the United States. The dump trucks are equipped with the best gearboxes in their class. The operator's cabin is quite spacious, it has good protection against noise and dust, equipped with a comfortable seat, and the control panel is characterized by a rational position of the elements, which in the complex contributes to improving labor productivity and the speed of the required manipulation.

745. This model has the maximum carrying capacity and capacity (41 and 25 m 3, respectively) among all those described above. This technique provides the greatest performance. It has both traditional CAT equipment with reliability, functionality and environmental friendliness, which is achieved through the introduction of advanced technologies. Significant attention is also paid operational safety. The CAT 745 dump truck provides a new level of driver's comfort, a fundamentally new driver's cabin is a step towards the next generation of dump trucks with a hinged frame. The new combined lift lever / 9-speed gearbox guarantees simple and intuitive lift management and gear shift. The 745 dump truck is equipped with a compression brake, a brake is also provided in standby mode, and at the working platform there is a speed limit. A special help system provides lightweight touching on the rise, and ATC is automatic thrust control. In machines 745 also implemented systems that allow control of increased performance in electronic mode.

Terex. designed to work in a career, in mining of minerals and building materials, on the dumping of soil and empty breed into dumps when performing overnight operations, as well as for use in various branches of construction on the carriage of goods in off-road.

The basis for articulated dump trucksTerex. the modular layout scheme is based on the principle of separating motor and cargo modules connected by a special hinged device. All models have a wheel formula 6x6. The front module on which the cabin and the power plant is installed, has a uniaxial version, and the rear cargo module is a two-axis.

On articulated dump trucksTerex. v-shaped medium-turn diesel engines are used as energy plantsCummins and Detroit Diezel with a capacity from 300 to 450 hp Liquid cooling. Applied engines have an increased margin of torque and meet modern international exhaust requirements -Tier 3.

Hinged and articulated dump trucksTerex. equipped with a mechanical transmission with an automatic transmission with the possibility of manual gear shifting, providing the 6th gear gear and 3-and transmission - rear. Modern transmission design provides her a large reserve of reliability and durability.

Hydraulic brake system of hinged and articulated dump trucksTerex. it differs from pneumatic brake systems high efficiency, reliability and minimum need for maintenance. Multidiscor brake mechanisms in the oil bath of all wheels provide the machine with excellent brake properties in all modes of operation and especially when moving the subaction.

The use of the articulated frame and the hydraulic reference control system allows you to accurately and smoothly control the rotation of the articulated dump truckTerex. achieving high machine maneuverability. The mechanism of the articulation of the front and rear sections of the frame has two degrees of freedom and is a node with vertical and horizontal hinges. The vertical hinge allows the front section to be rotated relative to the rear to any angle in the vertical plane. The horizontal hinge allows the rear section of the frame section to pour around the vertical axis in the horizontal plane, providing a constant contact of the wheels with the soil when overcoming obstacles. This angle is 45 o (in each direction), which allows the operator to turn and maneuvering the front module in severe road conditions, achieving high passability.

Body of hinged and articulated dump trucksTerex. different durability. They are welded from steel sheets with strength of 1000 MPa and hardness 360HB. . The duct rear tray and the heating of the body of the exhaust gases significantly facilitate unloading under conditions of low temperatures.

On all models of hinged and articulated dump trucksTerex. all-metal noise-vibration secure cabins with a good overview for the operator are installed. Cabins are equipped with heaters, air conditioners and all the necessary systems and control and measuring instruments that provide comfort and control over the main parameters of the dump trucks and warning about the possibility of emergency situations.

Hinged-artized dump trucks are used on construction and career works, where heightened permeability and maneuverability are necessary. The technique is widely used in the mining industry on open mountain development on the flooded careers, on the construction sites in low-pass conditions, during the sinking of the soil during overnight work. Also, the articulated dump trucks are also used in the oil industry in the arrangement of deposits and the construction of pipelines.

The articulated dump trucks compared to highway dump trucks have a number of advantages - allow construction in low-pass conditions, can overcome cool lifts, have a small radius of turning and high maneuverability, so they are able to work on a limited area, capable of moving along asphalt and locally, where there are no roads .

Three-axle articulated dump trucks have six leading wheels. In addition, modern articulated dump trucks are completed with a switch of an interstole differential.

Volvo is one of the leading manufacturers of this technique. Currently, its product ruler has 4 models of articulated dump trucks with a carrying capacity from 19.4 tons to 30.6 tons.

Hinged-artized Volvo production dump trucks are equipped with a FS system with hydraulic cylinders on each wheel. There is a system of complete suspension, which protects the technique from the jokes and shocks when driving on uneven areas. Also, the articulated dump trucks are equipped with a power transmission, two wheeled formulas and five modes of operation.

Caterpillar produces hinged dump trucks since 1985. Now the technique is represented by 4 models, two of them have their own modifications. So, the articulated modification dumps "Ejector" are completed by the system, the so-called forced unloading - there is a movable wall in the body, which pushes its contents, so it becomes unloading on the go, without tipping the body.

Komatsu manufactures several models of dump trucks that are supplied with a box of a box cross section and a large body body. Hinged-artized Komatsu dump trucks have a hydropneumatic suspension with a rigid frame. On the front bridge, the suspension of the DION type is used, the rear axles are mounted on a dynamic balancing design.

Also, articulated by Komatsu production dump trucks are characterized by the presence of articulated steering, multi-disc brakes of a wet type and a deceleration device having hydraulic control.

The articulated TEREX dump trucks are equipped with an automatic gearbox, hydrostatic steering with an amplifier, steel body.

Hinged-articulated Bell dump trucks are represented by five models. The front design of the suspension of this technique includes non-maintainable square traction, which are installed on rubber, and transverse thrust having a support for oil-filled racks. In addition, the company produces hinged-artized dump trucks on a tracked move. Hydrema's articulated dump trucks possess the body turning mechanism, due to which the technique is able to unload back and in any of the side.

Also, the articulated dump trucks produce such companies as Astra, Case, JCB, Komatsu, Liebherr, Moxy, BelAZ, Moise, Baltiets.