The automobile tire has come a long way from the first invention, which was patented back in 1846, to modern variety and technological excellence. More than a century ago, only one person was involved in the production of tires, and the first manufactories, factories and conveyors began to appear decades later. It is now the giant transcontinental corporations that have their own testing bases, huge production facilities and a staff of tens of thousands of people ...

And on June 10, 1846, in the United States, a significant patent for the history of the automotive industry was issued under the number 10990, which secured to Robert W. Thompson the right to manufacture and install the world's first pneumatic tires, with a primitive by modern standards engineering solution, which was based on an air chamber from canvas impregnated with a solution of rubber mass and gutta-percha to retain air.

The outer part consisted of riveted pieces of tanned leather. The first tests of the new invention took place in the same year, when Thompson installed tires on a carriage, and then checked the level of thrust reduction. The results were great. Traction power was reduced by 38% when driving on rough terrain, and on not the best road surface in the world by almost 70. In addition, traveling by carriage on these tires was more comfortable, softer and quieter. However, immediately after the death of the inventor, these tires were forgotten. The world began to wait for the emergence of a new guru in the field of pneumatic tires, trying to curse less while shaking in carriages.

The most powerful breakthrough in the field was the patent from 1888, which was issued to John Dunlop, whose name is known today, probably, every schoolboy who played any game about racing. It is the name Dunlop that is associated with the appearance of the first pneumatic tire in the form that we are used to seeing it.

In 1887, after numerous complaints from his son about the inconvenience of a bicycle, John Dunlop glued two hoops from a garden hose, pumped them with air, and then pulled them onto a bicycle wheel. Again, rubberized canvas was among the materials. The success of this Danlop tire was practically proven in the historic bicycle race in which the terrible cyclist William Hume on pneumatic bike easily won every race he ever dared to participate in. This success was the main reason for John Dunlop (apart from, of course, money problems in the family) to organize his own small tire production in Dublin. Pneumatic Tire & Bout Sales Bicycle Company became the first company in the world to study and manufacture pneumatic tires at an industrial level.

Just a year later, an unknown engineer at Dunlop's company suggested separating the tire from the tube and reinforcing the tire with wire rings. At the same time, the first method of mounting and dismounting tires was invented, which became a breakthrough for all tire companies.

After that, it took the world only five years for the Frenchmen André and Edouard Michelin (Michelin) to make the world's first car tire, which, with difficulty, reached the finish line. It was a raw pneumatic tire that did not take into account many external conditions, and the material had a huge amount of internal stresses, which led to dozens of punctures on the 1200 km track.

Just a year later in 1896, the Lanchester Car was fitted with tires from Dunlop, which tried to accommodate the mistakes of competitors. The first car tires significantly increased the cross-country ability, comfort, smoothness and speed of the car, but they were inconvenient in terms of installation. Sometimes it took the whole working day to install tires. Competition between tire manufacturers, growing demand, as well as the rather rapid rise in prices for pneumatic tires led to a constant search for new engineering solutions, which led to the emergence of standardization, improved tire mounting and dismounting systems, as well as the emergence of innovations that are still used today. For example, the introduction of cords into tires made from extra strong threads, new fastening systems that were the main reason for the shaft-like growth of the tire industry in the early twentieth century.

It was during this period of time that the dynamics of the development of science, influencing the production of tires, primarily chemistry, is most clearly traced. The earliest tires were low profile, thin and similar to bicycle tires. This was due not so much to the peculiarities of the fashion of that time, but to the absence of carbon fillers to increase strength and reduce internal stresses, as well as to give a more rigid shape. It was the absence of carbon in rubber that led to the white and beige colors of tires in the early twentieth century.

However, already in the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, carbon became an integral part of the rubber composition along with rubber, which led to a significant increase in the height and width of the tread. This increased the maximum load on the tire, allowing for improved carrying capacity, and also increased cross-country ability by increasing the contact patch of the tread with the road. Tires made of soft rubber, which, due to the special chemical structure of the mixture with carbon, have only the radial direction of the carcass threads, and therefore very clearly convey all the unevenness of the road to the car. It's uncomfortable and tough.

A real breakthrough was the appearance of chemical polymers, which made it possible to increase the rigidity of the structure without losing comfort and cross-country ability, as well as increasing the load on the tire. Bias tires are becoming ubiquitous.

Now science has stepped far forward, and the competition between companies between each other is so detailed that sometimes it is even difficult to evaluate them for an ordinary buyer. Fractions of a second, grams of carrying capacity, imperceptible percentages of an increase in traction, a decrease in rolling resistance. Numbers-numbers ...

Material prepared in "Pokryshka.ru"

Date of publication: 17.02.2011.

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Additionally

An article on creating tires will help you learn how tires were invented and changed, and what made it so stable, reliable, durable and wear-resistant.

Today it is difficult to imagine that once tires were not put on the wheels of a car. This was in the era of the first automobiles and wooden wheels. True, even with low-intensity operation, they quickly collapsed and required replacement. The invention of a wheel reinforced with a steel rim (the prototype of the modern disc) solved this problem, but this technology did not give the desired results.

The story of making car tires

Robert William Thompson first invented the use of rubber tires to increase the comfort and safety of a car in 1846, designed the tire and patented his invention. The tire, invented by Thompson, was also called the "air wheel". It was a cell made of dense canvas, impregnated with a solution of rubber or gutta-percha, and upholstered on the outside with pieces of leather.

Thompson's beginnings were picked up by others invented. Numerous experiments by enthusiasts were crowned with success: a rubber pneumatic tire was invented, with a tire separated from the chamber. The introduction of the pneumatic wheel has made driving smoother. The tires themselves became stronger and more durable (these parameters were absent in the first variations of the invention).

Discovery of vulcanization

An article on the invention of tires is impossible without a mention of Charles Goodyear.

The vulcanization process made it possible to organize the production of a truly durable yet elastic tire. In 1839, the American inventor Charles Goodyear did not even suspect that the technology he had created for producing rubber by combining rubber and sulfur would become an integral part of the production of automobile tires.

In the 1830s, Goodyear was engaged in the production of rubberized footwear and fabric. At his enterprise, he produced rubber toys, clothes, shoes, umbrellas. However, the properties of this material did not allow the goods to be of high quality: the rubber melted from high temperatures, was fragile and had other disadvantages.

Goodyear took this problem seriously. Through experimentation, he learned that heating rubber mixed with sulfur gives the material the necessary strength, not only on the surface, but also throughout its entire thickness. It is safe to say that 1839 is the year of the invention of rubber for cars.

Goodyear company. Foundation and early years of work

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was incorporated in the United States in 1898. On that day, the story of Goodyear tires began. The founder, Frank Sieberling, named his company after the very inventor of vulcanization technology.

Since the very foundation of the company, its products have become in demand and purchased. Already 4 years later, in 1901, the company began to create a tire for the car of the famous Henry Ford. The famous Model T in those years was equipped with Goodyear tires.

In 1907, the chairman of the board of the brand receives a patent for a removable tire invented by him. Goodyear's technology is ubiquitous today.

Experiments, continuous improvement of product characteristics and the introduction of new technologies allowed the concern to become the world's largest manufacturer of automobile tires and other rubber products by 1926.

Expansion of activities

In the period from 1927 to the present day, the company actively developed, mastered new production capabilities, improved designs, and designed tires not only for cars, but also for aircraft. In 1971, the manufacturer released tires for the Apollo 14 lunar rover. The tread marks of these tires remained on the moon for centuries.

During these years, scientific and technical centers, representative offices in many countries of the world were opened, agreements were concluded with well-known brands. All this allows Goodyear to be one step ahead of the competition - the company is the first to innovate, bringing new products to the market with improved characteristics.

The impeccable reputation of the brand is also worth mentioning. Goodyear has repeatedly ranked at the top of the ratings of the most responsible and reliable companies.

About Goodyear production

Based on the history of tire creation, experience and tradition, today the company holds one of the leading positions among car tire manufacturers. The brand's factories carry out a full cycle of work to create a high-quality tire: from designing a tire and creating a rubber compound to releasing and testing a new product.

Goodyear tires are made using state-of-the-art production lines. Adjustment of production processes, the composition of the rubber compound, improvement of the tread pattern and the addition of functional inserts allow the production of new models designed for different categories of motorists (residents of the northern regions, off-road, trucks, etc.).

Rubber and silica are the main components of a tire

A pneumatic car tire is a high-tech structure capable of holding air under pressure. Thanks to the invention of Charles Goodyear, today's tires are a mixture of natural and artificial rubber, carbon black, sulfur, silicon and synthetic compounds. All these components in production go through a mixer, resulting in a crude rubber sheet.

Silica is another material used in modern manufacturing. This acid, which improves the elasticity and grip characteristics of rubber, was discovered back in the 50s of the last century. The process of developing the technology for adding silica to the mixture in tire production has been launched relatively recently. This is due to the high cost of the material and the need to use special equipment for mixing it with rubber.

Bus structure

Several elements are necessarily present on pneumatic tires:

• frame - the basis of the product, which is several layers of rubberized cord,
• sidewall - an external rubber element designed to protect the structure from external damage in the side,
• board - rigid attachment to the wheel on the tire,
• breaker - protects the frame from impacts and makes the product rigid,
• tread - grooves and grooves on the rubberized surface of the tire, ensuring non-slip and safe movement in adverse external conditions: on mud, dirt road, wet, snowy or icy track.

Goodyear tires are constantly being improved, structural elements are acquiring new properties.

Wheels were invented 5 thousand years ago. Their first appearance was recorded in Ancient Egypt. During the construction of the pyramids, special inventions were used to facilitate the movement of goods. They were called "rollers" and looked like round pieces of logs. They were placed under large boulders. This can be called the beginning in the history of the wheel.

Over the centuries, the wheel has undergone modifications and improvements. However, in the 19th century, there was a real revolution in the entire history of the wheel. About 200 years ago, the pneumatic tire was invented, which is still used today to operate the modern automobile. Its discovery was facilitated by the discovery of the vulcanization process. What was the impetus for the development of the rubber industry in the industry.

What is a tire?

There are many opinions about what a tire is. Many people think that this is a rubber balloon. From the geometric point of view, a tire is a torus. The mechanical point of view defines the tire as a vessel in the form of an elastic membrane with high pressure.

Chemistry adopts the tire as a material that has long-chain macromolecules. The tire embodied the discoveries of the chemical industry, because various synthetic materials are used in the manufacture of tires. Tire production uses several million tons of carbon black, elastomer oils, pigments and other materials each year.

In a broad sense, a tire is an achievement of scientific and technological progress, as well as a synthesis of scientific knowledge and modern technologies.

In 1844, the tire was officially patented for the first time.

The invention of the pneumatic tire was officially patented by Robert William Thomson, born in 1822. At 22 - the year the tire was invented - he was a railway engineer and also had his own business in London.

In 1846, on June 10, a patent was dated, the essence of the invention, the design of the tire and all the materials necessary for its manufacture were described. The patent described that the "air wheel" was intended for a cart or carriage.

The invention consisted in the following: the tire was superimposed on a wheel that had wooden spokes. The wooden rim was upholstered with a metal hoop, and knitting needles were inserted into it. The tire consisted of a tube, which consisted of several layers of canvas, which were impregnated with a solution of gutta-percha or natural rubber. The tire also consisted of an outer covering, or rather, pieces of leather that were riveted together. The tire was bolted to the rim. The patent stated that the leather tire had the necessary resistance to wear and tear, as well as multiple bends. The skin has the property of stretching when exposed to water and expanding under internal pressure. Therefore, the cell was reinforced with canvas.

The tests were carried out with a crew with air wheels. Thomson measured pulling force, and as a result, it was found that pulling force was reduced by 38% on crushed stone surfaces and by 68% on crushed pebbles. Tests have proven ride comfort, quietness and easy running.
After the tests were carried out, their results were published in the Mechanics Magazin in 1849. However, the emergence of this significant invention, as well as the evidence and justification for thoughtful implementation, was not enough to justify mass production. The main reason is that there were no volunteers to make this product at an acceptable cost. After Thomson's death, everyone forgot about the "air wheel", but samples of the product were preserved.

First practical application of a pneumatic tire.

The pneumatic tire was remembered in 1888. The Scotsman John Dunlop improved the tricycle by constructing wide hoops from a garden watering hose and inflating them with air, putting them on the wheel. He received a patent for an invention and became known as the author of the pneumatic tire.

The tire quickly became widespread in use. In 1889, William Hume, who was a bicycle racer, used pneumatic tires for his transport. His talent in this matter was at an average level. Nevertheless, he won all the races.

In 1889, commercial applications were found for this invention. The existing and still largest company, Pneumatic Tire and Booth Bicycle Sales Agency, was established in Dublin. Now its name is "Dunlop".

Improvement

In 1890, engineer Chald Weltch proposed separating the tube from the tire. He also found it necessary to insert a wire into the edges of the tire and put it on the rim. The Englishman Bartlett and the Frenchman Didier also contributed to the tire mounting and dismounting.

Frenchmen André and Edouard Michelin were the first to use pneumatic tires on a car. They had extensive experience in making bicycle tires. In 1895, a car with pneumatic tires took part for the first time in a car race. The driver was a Frenchman of Bordeaux. He coped with the distance of 1200 km, and also came to the finish line. And already in 1896 pneumatic tires were installed on the Lanchester car.

Pneumatic tires were the impetus for the development of smooth running and off-road vehicles. But the reliability was in doubt and took time to install. Subsequent improvements in this area were associated with increased wear resistance of tires, as well as their quick assembly and disassembly.

Many years have passed and the pneumatic tire has replaced the molded rubber tire forever. To further improve the tires, more expensive and durable materials were used. A cord appeared in the tire - this is a durable layer that consists of textile threads. We also used quick-detachable designs, because this made it possible to change tires within a few minutes.

The retrofit of an existing model of pneumatic tire has become widespread and has led to a surge in innovation in the tire industry. The impetus for development was given by the First World War, which consisted in the development of tires for trucks and buses. America became the first manufacturer. Truck tires had high pressures and were able to handle heavy loads. In addition, they had the necessary speed characteristics.

In 1925, almost 4 million vehicles with pneumatic tires were recorded worldwide. The exceptions were certain types of trucks. Large tire companies began to emerge. Some of them are successfully working today. For example: "Dunlop" (England), "Pirelli" (Italy), "Michelin" (France), "Goodyear", "Metzeller" (FRG), "Firestone" and "Goodrich" (USA).

Science and pneumatic tires

The creation of tires ends by the end of the twenties of the last century thanks to the intuition of the designer. The fact is that there is a need for a scientific approach to improving pneumatic tires. At that time, the base of chemical technology was already well mastered. It was used to prepare rubber compounds for tires.

The design and testing of automobile tires was not immediately experienced. Numerous scientific studies have been carried out and used in practice in the activities of many companies in different countries. To develop further performance characteristics of tires, special test stands were created.

In the thirties, designers reshaped the shape and tread pattern and tried to reflect the importance of the tire's role in the car's handling.

During the Second World War, synthetic rubber began to be used holistically. This was done to create improved tires in rubber formulations.

The next stage in the development of tire production can be considered the use of viscose and nylon cord. Since viscose tires have improved tire performance and reduced some of the tire breakdowns. Nylon tires were more durable. Thus, the breaks in the framework were somehow reduced to zero.

Michelin in the middle of the twentieth century proposed a new tire design. The zest in this idea was in a rigid belt, which consisted of layers of steel cord. The cords were arranged not diagonally, but radially - from side to side. Further, these tires were called radial and allowed the car to be more passable transport. At the same time, the designers worked on the tire's durability and grip properties.

In the next ten years, the ratio of tire height to section width was changed. The desire for lower tire profiles is due to the increased contact area with the road. This has contributed to the overall tire life and improved side stability and traction.

In the seventies, compared to the fifties, the pneumatic tire has reached a certain level of improvement. The following changes were noticed: safety was increased, and fuel consumption was reduced. In addition, passenger cars have switched to radial tires.

The company "Continental" in the eighties proposed a new improvement: a tire design with a special fastening on the T-shaped rim of the wheel. This innovation made it safer to drive at low speeds, even if the tires are flat.
Simultaneously with space flights and space exploration, a new era began in the creation of tires. Since lunar rovers and moon robots demanded the production of new types of tires, which would not be afraid of heat, cold, or even vacuum, which could move on any surface.

The current stage of development

In modern times, there is a trend towards the use of tubeless low profile radial tires. These tires provide the ability to take advantage of different vehicle performance characteristics in terms of payload and volume, and ensure transport safety and vehicle efficiency.

Tire modernization moves in all directions and is justified by broad specialization in accordance with the purpose. For a long time, great attention has been paid to the adhesion properties, carrying capacity and rolling resistance of tires. Tire industry developers are working on chemical composition, increasing tire life and vehicle safety, tread pattern, simplifying production and improving the technical and economic performance of tires.

The importance of the car tire to the automotive industry is undeniable. Tires provide smooth ride, speed, safety, flotation and comfort. This automotive addition has evolved along with the car and has played an important role in the development of the automotive industry.

They have been trying to improve the wheel since the very moment of its invention. The first wooden wheels quickly collapsed on contact with the road. They were invented to be strengthened with a steel rim. The idea made the wheel more durable, but the terrible rumble and harshness remained a problem for years.

The first inventor of the tire is considered to be the Englishman Robert Thomson. In the middle of the 18th century, he patented his invention - a camera made of pieces of leather connected by rivets. However, his innovation has not received any practical application - no one is simply interested in this development.

The second inventor of the tire was also a resident of Foggy Albion - John Dunlop - an ordinary veterinarian. He lived at the end of the 18th century - at this time the bicycle was already widespread. The veterinarian's son could never learn to ride this very tough iron horse. Then Dunlop made hoops from an ordinary watering hose and pumped air into them. The result simply amazed the inventor himself and all his acquaintances. As a result, in 1888, John Dunlop received patent 10607 for his "pneumatic hoop", which could be used for vehicles.

John Dunlop

In the 19th century, several inventors tried to refine the tire. In 1890, a young engineer, Charles Kingston Weltch, separated the tire from the tube. The process took place with the help of rings made of wire, which were clamped into the rim, and after a while the rim was given a certain depression in the center.

A little later, the Englishman Bartlett and the Frenchman Didier proposed methods of mounting and dismounting tires.

All this gave rise to the idea of \u200b\u200busing the tire in the automotive industry. The brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin were the first to "shoe" cars. Yes, the brand of one of the highest quality tires in the modern world is named after them.

Michelin Brothers

For the first time, pneumatic tires have been fitted to a Peugeot. The innovation provided the car with a smoother and softer ride, improved handling and longer life of both the wheels and the car itself. However, changing these tires was incredibly difficult and time consuming.

The Michelin brothers rose to fame when, wearing their tires, they successfully completed a 1200 km race in 1985. Since that time, cars with tires on wheels have become the accepted norm.

In the 1950s, Michelin was already a full-fledged company. At this time, radial tires were first introduced into circulation. The invention had a belt made of steel cord. From that time on, tires began to be divided into winter and summer tires, and it became possible to produce tubeless tires. Many experimental tires have also been created - in various sizes and with different tread patterns.

Since 1970, the tire industry has grown at a faster pace, and more and more competent tire manufacturers have emerged. This has led to today's diversity - after all, today tires can be selected for any weather,

Inventor: Robert William Thomson
Country: Scotland
Time of invention: June 10, 1846

More than 140 years have passed since the pneumatic tire was invented. Robert William Thomson, originally from Scotland, is the first person to officially register the creation of a pneumatic tire. Robert was born on June 29, 1822 and at the age of 22 years, was an engineer of railway transport, while having an office in London and its business. It was at that moment that he invented the pneumatic tire.

On June 10, 1846, patent number 10990 was registered, which outlined the essence of the new invention: the use of an additional elastic support surface over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe wheel rims to reduce the force applied to the crew, while simultaneously lowering the noise level and facilitating the movement process.

The patent also included the materials required for the manufacture and a detailed drawing. This was the design of the first pneumatic wheel: a tire was applied to the rim with wooden spokes, which was covered with a solid strip of metal along the outer diameter. The tire was also made up of the outer cover and the inner tube. The camera was made by rubber (gutta-percha) impregnation of several layers of canvas. In this case, the outer cover was made from pieces of leather, connected by rivets. The tire was fastened to the rim using bolts.

The leather tire had the necessary margin of resistance to bending and wear, and the liner made of canvas supported the tire when its material got wet or swollen from internal pressure. In 1873, the creator of the pneumatic tire died and everyone forgot about his brainchild for a long time, despite the fact that the samples are still preserved.

More than twenty years later, brothers Edouard and André Michelin, originally from France, were the first to return to pneumatic tires, having previously had experience in the production of bicycle tires. The brothers announced that for the race Paris - Bordeaux in 1985 they will create for all participants pneumatic tires. One of the nine cars in that race, despite many punctures, drove 1200 km and reached the finish line on its own.

The true creator of the modern pneumatic tire is Scottish veterinarian John Boyd Dunlop. There are several versions of the answer to the question why a doctor specializing in the treatment of livestock became interested in tires.

According to the first version, he saw what suffering animals endure when they are taken to the hospital in a cart with ordinary wooden wheels.

Another version explains everything by the fact that Dunlop had a little son who loved to ride. Allegedly, the father did not like that the rough bicycle wheels spoiled the garden paths, and he decided to somehow soften them.

In the third version, both the son and the bicycle also appear, but in this case the boy asked his father to come up with something to make it easier for him to ride. All three versions of the story agree on one thing: Dunlop, on reflection, took a piece of garden hose and tied it to a wheel. First he filled in inside the water, but later came to the conclusion that it would be more efficient to inflate the improvised tire with air.

Curiously, just four days after Dunlop filed a patent for his invention, another person approached the patent office and proposed much the same idea. The creator of the pneumatic tire soon resold the rights to an entrepreneur named Harvey du Cros and completely retired from any further work to improve tire design, preferring to receive dividends. One of the most famous tire companies in the world (Dunlop) was later named in his honor.

Du Cros became interested in Dunlop's invention because his sons were cyclists. In 1889, they competed in a prestigious race won by little-known athlete William Hush, who competed on a bicycle equipped with Dunlop tires.

Du Cros quickly realized what the benefits of this unusual novelty were. The very next year, his company began selling its products, and not in England, but in Europe, because in England at that time there was a law according to which cars could not travel at a speed higher than 6 km / h. This law significantly hindered the development of motoring in the British Isles.

In 1896, Lanchester was first fitted with Dunlop pneumatic tires in Britain. After such success, many manufacturers of pneumatic tires immediately emerged, of which many still exist, namely the French company Michelin, which revived the production of pneumatic tires, the British company Dunlop, the German companies Metzeler and Continental, the Italian company Pirelli ”,“ Goodrich ”,“ Goodyear ”and“ Firestone ”from the USA. Most of the tire factories in the USSR were established during World War II according to Western standards.

Further modifications to the pneumatic tire were mainly aimed at increasing the service life and resistance to physical stress. The tires were also made easier in terms of mounting and dismounting.

In the 50s of the XX century, changes were made to the tire design for the first time. Michelin proposed a hard belt as its main feature, which consisted of several layers metal cord. The arrangement of the cords was radial from one bead to the other. The new tires were called radial tires. Michelin, after testing the new and improved tire, saw a two-fold improvement in flotation when compared to a conventional tire (when the cords were placed diagonally).

In the next decade, a change was made to the ratio of the profile width (B) to the tire height (H) - H / B. The original shape of the first tires in section was approximately the same both in height and width. Later, the ratio of height and width was reduced to 0.7, and in 1980 even to 0.6.

Many companies have gained experience in the production of cordless tires. Later, technical solutions will be introduced into the technology of creating cordless tires that will greatly simplify their production. Now the most promising are single-layer radial tubeless steel cord tires, which are installed on semi-deep rim with low flanges.

In the future, the direction for improving the design of tires was chosen in the direction of reducing the quantitative content in the carcass, using the latest materials, increasing the strength of the cord, improving the interaction of rubber and cord, reducing the number of layers in the carcass, reducing the ratio of height to width of the tire, using more saturated, as well as , combined and ribbed tread patterns.

Also, manufacturers are now trying to extend the life of tires, increase the permissible loads, vehicle traffic safety, improve technical and economic indicators and simplify tire production technology.

Low profile tires have been developed to increase traction, which also improves lateral stability, durability and traction. Radial tires show all of their properties better when manufactured with a low profile.

In the 70s, the pneumatic tire reached a level of modernization that was almost impossible to implement in the 50s. Motorists, of course, were also pleased with the reduced fuel consumption and improved driving safety. Almost all passenger cars in the 70s at the same time, they switched to the use of radial tires, which by the end of the decade were already used for almost all types of transport, which increased the life of the tires.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, the design of quick-detachable wheel mounts to the hubs began to be used in tires. Such a wheel was fastened with several bolts, and it was possible to remove it along with the tire in just a few minutes, which was a big breakthrough compared to previous versions.

During the First World War, people began to develop a new design of tires for buses and trucks cars. America was the first in this direction. By the end of 1925, pneumatic tires were in use worldwide on approximately 4 million of all vehicles, which included almost the entire fleet, excluding some types of trucks.

The first cars that appeared in Russia were already on pneumatic tires - imported. But in the 1900s, their production was established by the factories "Provodnik" in Riga (tires "Columbus") and "Triangle" in St. Petersburg (tires "Yolki" with original tread).

Russian tires, tested in numerous runs and competitions, were distinguished by high durability and strength. An all-Russian speed record of 201 km / h was set on the Benz racing car with "Christmas trees" in 1913. After the October Revolution, tire factories became part of Rezinotrest, which provided all our cars with domestic footwear.

The industry of the USSR in the 80s annually produced about 70 million tires for cars, motorcycles, agricultural machines. The tire of the 80s is united with the "great-grandmother" only by the principle. And the design itself has changed, became more complicated, improved to unrecognizability - so that the characteristics of the tires most fully meet the parameters of cars, the conditions of their work.

The first big steps were splitting the tire into a tire and a tube, and introducing a cord tire. It should be noted such important stages as the invention of a low-pressure tire of the "balloon" type, tubeless, low-profile; arched and wide-profile low-pressure tires for trucks; winter tires with anti-skid studs; tires with radial cord arrangement, as well as with synthetic material cord and metal cord; "Safe" tires.

The durability of the tires has increased significantly. If at the beginning of the century the mileage of 3-4 thousand kilometers was considered a record, then by the 20s it had increased to 30 thousand, and later - to 100 thousand. The tire is still being improved today. Its main directions are further increase in mileage, permissible loads, reduction of material consumption and simplification of technology, improvement of other indicators, and increased safety.

The latter direction has been intensively developing since the 60s, and today a number of companies are already mass-produced so called safe tires. They are mounted on a different rim design that helps keep the tire beads on the rim flanges when there is a lot of air leakage. The use of new synthetic materials that can revolutionize tire technology promises serious advantages. In short, as for a car, an age for a pneumatic tire is an age that opens up tempting prospects.