Home\u003e Seminar

Questions to the seminar engaged on the topic 3

International Communication in the 20th Century: External Information Activities and Communicative Technologies of the USSR and the United States (NAK.20 century - 1991)

1. US Information Potential: The State of Smik, the main directions of external information policy.

Sources

Alleu M.D. INTERNATIONAL POWER AND INTERMAL COMMUNICATION 1995. S.76-92 (Cheat. Zal Factor Journalism) File: History of World Journalism_Helva2.Dos (Press)

File: History of world journalism_pad3.dos (electronic media)

2. Information potential of the USSR: the state and development of the ISIC, the main directions of foreign information policy. Activity Comintern.

Sources

Alleu M.D. INTERNATIONAL POWER AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION 1995. S.76-92 (Chit.Zal Fak-Ta journalism) Ovshepyan R.P. The story of the modern domestic journalism (educational training). - M.: Publishing house GU, 1999. (Files: 52.doc - 56.doc) File: History of world journalism_pad2.dos

File: history of world journalism_pad3.dos

3. USSR and the United States after 1945: interaction in the conditions of the Cold War.

Sources

US television. Digest of articles. Cost. and auth. Join, Articles of V. Petrurenko. Sokr. per. from English M., "Art", 1976. - 223 p. (at the Department)

Alleu M.D. International Power and International Communication. 1995. P.76-92 (Chit.Zal Fax of journalism)

History of the latest domestic journalism (training. Visitor). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. (Files: 57.doc, 58.doc)

Gypsy PA political sociology of international relations. Uch. Address - M., 1994.- C.171-174 (File: Tsygankov.dos)

Lundestad Vostok, West, North, South: The main directions of international politics. 1945--1996. M., 2002. (Library BSU)

Plachinsky and the initial period of the Cold War and the formation of the concept of global leadership of the United States // Belarusian magazine of international law and international relations. -2002, N2 1. - S.69-74.

Kosovo A Russian historiography on the role of the United States in the unleashing of the "Cold War" // Belarusian magazine of international law and international relations. - 2004, .n2.3. - S.54- - 59. (Chit.Zal FFSN)

4. Redistribution of forces in the global information space in the early 90s. Causes of the defeat of the USSR in the "Cold War".

Sources

Ovshepyan R.P. The story of the latest domestic journalism (training. Visor). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. (File: 59.doc)

Modern international relationships. Tutorial / under. ed. Av. Torkunova. - M.: ROSPEN, 1999. - C.152-166 (library BSU)

Lundestad Vostok, West, North, South: The main directions of international politics. 1945-1996. M., 2002. (Library BSU)

Ivananyan E.Ah, how ended the "Cold War" (J.Metlock recalls ...) // USA. Canada. Economy. Politics. - 2005, .n2.1. - S.BL-70.

1. Educational and methodical complex to the course "History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century"

   Training and metodology complex

2. Bachelor Program No. Department: Theories and History of the Journalist Direction: Journalism, Public Relations Discipline: History of Domestic Journalist (1917-1992) Credit

   Program

3. Threads of exchange work on the course "Domestic journalism of the 20th century" Russian journalism of the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution 1905-1907

   Document

   Kuznetsov I., Fingerit E. Newspaper World of the Soviet Union. 1917-1970 - M., 1972. T. 1. Central newspapers; T. 2. republican, edge, regional and district newspapers.

4. Discipline program History of domestic journalism for students of 1-3 courses of correspondence department

   Discipline program

   Discipline "The History of Domestic Journalism of the XIX Century" is included in the block of general professional disciplines for the preparation of specialists of the direction of 030600 "Journalism".

5. The program of the discipline "History of domestic journalism" for the direction of 030600. 62 "Journalism" of the training of bachelor The author of Nurijanov G. A

   Discipline program

   The program of the discipline "The History of Domestic Journalism" (Printing and Electronic Press) was developed by the State University - Higher School of Economics to prepare a bachelor in the direction of "Journalism", taking into account the requirements

Ovsepyan. or Ovsepian (ARM. հովսեփյան) - Armenian surname. Educated on behalf of its own and refers to the common type of Armenian surnames.

Origin

After the adoption of Christianity, during the official ceremony of baptism, each person received a crucial name from the priest, which served only one goal - to provide a person with a personal name. The baptismal names corresponded to the names of the saints and were, therefore, conventional Christian names.

The basis of the name of Ovsepyan was the church name Joseph. OSEP - Armenian version of the Christian male name Joseph, which has ancient European origin and translates as "God's award".

One of the patrons of this name is the Rev. Joseph Volotsky. He lived in the XV century, he learned a diploma in the Vozdvizhensky monastery and was a famous polemicist. Joseph Volotsky for some time was the abbot of the abode of Pafnutiya Borovsky, but after a while he left the abode and founded the famous Volokolamsky monastery. OSSEP, eventually received the name of Ovsepyan. Represents a wonderful monument to Armenian writing and culture.

Initial analogs

• rus. Osipov
• english Joseph. (Joseph)
• it. Joseph. (Joseph)

Famous carriers

• Ovsepyan, Avetis Vartanovich (r. 1954) - Soviet football player.
• Ovsepyan, Agvan Garnikovich (R. 1953) - General Prosecutor of the Republic of Armenia.
• Ovsepyan, Albert Azatovich (r. 1938) - Public and political figure of the Abkhaz Republic.
• Ovsepyan, Andranik (R. 1966) - Soviet and Armenian football player.
• Ovshepyan, Vasily Andreevich (R. 1949) - Soviet and Russian journalist, editor, producer, poet.
• Ovshepyan, Irina Vasilyevna (Irina Karenina) (r. 1979) - Russian poet, journalist, editor.
• Ovsepyan, Ron. - President and Chief Executive Officer Novell, Inc.
• Ovsepyan, Ruben Garnikovich (R. 1958) - Armenian political and statesman.
• Ovsepyan, Ruben Georgievich (r. 1939) - Armenian writer-publicist. Member of the ARFD.

The journalism of the twentieth century is traditionally divided into 8 stages. The period we considered - 80s - seizure two of them at once. The turning point, both in the history of the country, and in the history of Soviet-time journalism was April 1985, when M.S. Gorbachev who came to power completely changed the course of the country's further development. Therefore, the excursion in the history of the period of interest should also be divided into steps "to" and "after".

Journalism of the proprietary period was exclusively propaganda. He himself says the fact that the CPSU Central Committee recognized the Soviet journalists the main "handicraft" parties. Such a flattering statement was made in honor of the creation in 1959 the Union of Journalists of the USSR. From the late 60s and until the mid-80s, there were only four congresses of the Union, which "left from those realities of life, which remained outside the field of view of the media and contributed to the rapid flow of stagnant phenomena." R.O. Ovsepyan "History of the latest domestic journalism. February 1917 beginning of the XXI century. "

Particular attention was distinguished by the role of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, all the dates associated with the move of war were excessively widely covered in all media. There was always an exaggeration of role at first N. Khrushchev, and then L.Besnev in achieving victories on the fronts of the Second World War. In other words, creating an ideal picture of life in the country, journalists silent only about the tragic and controversial moments of its history.

I also wonder the media coverage of the international mission soviet troops in Afghanistan. The people learned from the pages of the newspapers about the glorious mission to help the fraternal people. Television showed exciting reports by Alexander Kaverznev from Afghanistan. Information that, in fact, Soviet soldiers got involved in an armed struggle with Mujaheds, simply was not provided.

The media held a picture of a quiet life in the country in the consciousness of citizens. According to researcher Strovsky: "In the late 70s - mid-80s. In Soviet journalism, pompousness, Ledzhepos, unrestrained sall, is approved, the obvious desire to issue the desired for the actual, care from the real problems that advanced by life. "

The period up to 70-80s was also marked by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications and their editions. Appeared a large number of completely new editions with various themes. The historian of journalism R.O.Onepyan leads such statistical data. "In 1985," Ogonyek "had a circulation of 1.5 million copies., In 1990 - 4 million," New World "- 425 thousand and 2.7 million," Banner "-177 thousand and 900 thousand . Ex. The largest essays were still at the magazines "Worker" (20.5 million), "peasant" (20.3 million), "Health" (25.5 million ex.) ". R.O. Ovsepyan "History of the latest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century "

Such a growth of printed journalism brought the country to the position of the reading country of the world. By 1985, in terms of the number of newspapers, only Japan was ahead of the USSR for each thousand.

By the end of the 70s, the 80s began the role of TASS even more increased. At the expense of state allocations, its full technical re-equipment occurred, the network of correspondents expanded. Own correspondents now worked in more than 100 countries around the world.

Despite the change in the number of printed media in the Union, the themes that were covered on their pages remained unshakable. Still, journalists and writers sought to raise patriotism, honesty, decency in their readers. The role of such a artistic and journalistic genre as an essay has increased. And even though journalism of that period could not boast of acute social criticism, the desire to adequately reflect the contradictory processes that occurred in the country, she still remained bright and civic. Among publicists affecting the most significant public topics in their essays, A. Agranovsky, G. Bocharova, V. Peskov, Yu. Chernichenko, S. Smirnova, can be distinguished.

But not to raise unpleasant topics that exciting the whole country was impossible. And even though the role of Samizdat and Tamizdat (the Russian press abroad) in these years was slightly gone, censored in the USSR still had a job. The fire of criticism adopts the magazine "New World", who willingly published the works of the disadvantageous authorities of Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky. The magazine declined, was withdrawn from the sale, subjected to hard pressure, but everything existed. It was there that the story of Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich" was printed, which caused a wide public resonance.

Describing the state of the media during this period, it is impossible not to affect actively developing television and radio. By 1985, the netwashing grid covered the whole country, and televisions in their homes had about 90% of the population. In 1981, the country celebrated half a century anniversary with television broadcasting. During this time, television has become colored, round-the-clock and widespread. In 1982, the Union began with a public-union program, which combined information, socio-political, cultural and educational, artistic and sports subjects and covered more than 230 million people.

April 1985 became a turning stiff historical line for the country as a whole and for domestic journalism in particular. The course on updated socialism and its more liberal attitude towards the media raised the interest of the people to journalism. Perestroika connected all media to promote a new course. All the smallest events associated with the acceleration of NTP, the reconstruction of production, the program of combating the deficit of public consumption goods are illuminated. The emphasis is being done to bring each reader to the process of building "new socialism". True publishes reader letters with proposals on the further development of the country, estimates of the statements of power and even amendments to the program and the Charter of the CPSU.

The main feature of journalism of the restructuring period is its gravity. ONE ON ON ONE ADVISIONS OF PUBLICTINGS "If conscience ...", "Perestroika in the press mirror" and others. It can be said that after 70 years of silence journalists for the first time allowed to speak. Hence the authority of the media significantly increased. In 1989, the country's newspaper and magazine consisted of 8800 newspapers, whose one-time circulation was 230 million., And 1629 magazines in circulation over 220 million. A year later, the newspapers increased by 4.6%, and magazines are 4.3%. V.V. Kuznetsov "History of domestic journalism (1917-2000)".

Moreover, finally, the organizational function of journalism began to decide. Thanks to the speeches of prominent publicists of that time and responses of readers managed to reject the construction project of the Nizhneobskaya HPP. Construction could lead to flooding hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of territory. In general, assistance in solving acute social and environmental problems is another important page of journalism of restructuring period. But even at this time, the use of the media as the main propaganda bodies did not cease. This, first of all, says the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the Pravda newspaper", which was accepted at the April 1990 Congress. "Being the main tribune party," emphasized in this ruling, "True" is intended to focus on the key areas of implementation of the CPSU policy, and the communist journalist, which site did not work, should be a "active, thinking party fighter." And in June, a qualitatively new step was taken - the first in the history of the country "Law on Press and other Mass Media" was adopted.

But even new trends in journalism of the late 1980s did not change the structure of obtaining and processing operational information. The main channel for sharing information and the main propaganda body of the ruling party was still unshakable TASS, which could not affect the very essence of the work of journalists. Alternative information agencies began to appear only closer to the collapse of the USSR - in 1992.

The scientific and technical progress, which so many and widely wrote newspapers and magazines, made it possible to approach the place of the leader among all the media. Huge success had televisions between the USSR and the United States, which helped solve the tasks of both the external and domestic policies of both states. On September 5, 1982, the first such telemator "Moscow - Los Angeles" took place during the youth festival "We" in America. The initiator from the American side was Steve Wozniak, with Soviet - Writer Joseph Goldin and director Julius Gusman. It was interesting to the Soviet man to look at the other continent, to see the life of the Americans so far away. Soviet power and did not need to have another reason to show where to live better.

A special role was played by quite developed Leningrad television. One of the most popular was the program "TVURER". It was a review and small reports that were filmed on Saturdays and went on the air at midnight. It was Leningrad television that took over the courage to convey the first interviews with Academician Sakharov, the first rallies in both capitals of the USSR.

Completion of the recreation period of domestic journalism is primarily associated with the completion of the history of Soviet journalism in general, which occurred exactly at one time with the collapse of the Soviet Union. But the next day, journalism woke up already in the new quality - Russian journalism. But this is a completely different page of history.

Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Philology and Journalism

E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan

History of domestic journalism

for students of higher educational institutions, students in the direction of 030600, specialty 030601 "Journalism"

Rostov-on-Don Publishing House of the Southern Federal University

UDC 070 (091) (470 + 571) (075.8) BBC 76.01Я73

Printed by the decision of the Editorial Publishing Council of the Southern Federal University

Reviewers:

dr. Philological Sciences, Professor of the Kuban State University

Lucinsky Yu. V.,

dr. Philological Sciences, Professor of the Southern Federal University

Stanko A.I.

The textbook was prepared and published within the framework of the national project "Education" on the "Program for the Development of the Federal State Educational Institution

higher Professional Education "Southern Federal University" for 2007-2010 "

Ahmadulin E. V., Ovsepyan R. P.

A 95 History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century: Textbook / E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan. - Rostov N / D: Publishing House of South Afu, 2008. - 416 p.

ISBN 978-5-9275-0480-0

The new textbook aims to trace the features of the development of domestic journalism - the metropolis and Russian abroad, as a single historical and cultural, historical and journalistic process for the twentieth century, show mental, creative, typological, functional continuity of various in the nature of journalism systems on a dynamically changing background of the Russian stories.

Designed for teachers and students of faculties and branches of journalism, researchers, media workers, as well as for all interested in the history of domestic journalism.

Introduction ................................................... ......................................
Journalism of Russia of the beginning of the twentieth century
(1900-1917) ........................................... ...............................
Russian press at the turn of the centuries (1900-1904) ..........
Printing and censorship in Russia
in the early 1900s ............................................ ......................
Official government press .......................................
Official and conservative print ...........................................
Mass newspapers of Russian publishers ......................................
Liberal editions ................................................ ..................
Social-radical print .............................................. ..........
Illegal seal of socialists ..................................................... .
Variety of types of journal periodics ..............................
Journalism during the first
russian revolution (1905-1907) ................................
Fight for freedom of press and censorship ............................................
Liberal Print Law
and emergency measures ........................................................... ...................
Development of the political press ................................................... ....
Reorganization of the government press .................................
Printing conservative parties ................................................... ...
Editions of liberal parties ..................................................... ......
Satyrian magazines ................................................ ...............
Printing radical parties ............................................... ........

Domestic journalism between two
bourgeois-democratic	revolutions
Print after the third coup ................................
Journalism during the years
public lifting .................................................. .............
Printing during the First World War ......................................
Journalism in conditions
Bourgeois-democratic state
(February-October 1917) .............................................. ........
A new stage in the history of domestic journalism .......
Deliciousness and print ............................................... ................
Crash the monarchist press ................................................. .......
New Printing Law and Development
party press ................................................ ......................
Journalism in political struggle
socialist parties ................................................ ..........
Seal after overclocking the July demonstration .............................
On hot traces of the Bolshevik coup .......................
Domestic journalism
In the Soviet state
(November 1917-1991). .................................................. ...........
Journalism of the first decade of Soviet power
(November 1917-1927) .......................................... .................
Journalism Soviet Russia in conditions
Approval of one-party Soviet journalism
during the Civil War and Foreign Intervention
(July 1918-1920) .......................................... .........................
Printing a white motion ............................................... ............
Domestic journalism during liberalization
soviet regime (1921-1927) ......................................... ....
Russian journalism is approved abroad ...................
Measures to overcome the crisis of Soviet press .....................
Press in Internartian Wrestling	20s ........................

Domestic journalism
in the late 20s and in the 30s of the XIX century. ...................................
Development of the structure of funds
mass information ................................................ ................
Journalism and socialist construction ..................
Domestic journalism of the 30s .....................................
Soviet journalism in mode
totalitarian state ................................................ .........
Beginning of World War II
and the position of the press of Russian abroad ......................................
Journalism in the period
Great Patriotic War
(1941-1945) ........................................... ............................
Printing and radio during the war years ............................................ ........
Press on the territory, temporarily
occupied by the enemy ................................................ .............
The main problem of speeches
soviet journalism ................................................ ...........
Publicistics and literature of Russian abroad .....................
Soviet press at the final stage of war ......................
Publicistics in years
Great Patriotic War............................................... ...
Journalism of the post-war decade
(1946-1956) ........................................... ............................
Development of the media system .....................
The topic of restoration and further lifting
national economy in the Soviet press ...................................
The second "wave" emigration in journalism
russian abroad ................................................ ....................
Print, Television and Radio Second Half
50s - mid-80s ........................................... ..........
Development of the structure of the media .................
The theme of the economic reformity in the press ...........................
Journalism in captivity of voluntarism,
personality recurrence
and "congestive" phenomena ............................................. ................

Domestic journalism
In a democratically oriented society
(mid-80s - 90s) ....................................... .............
Mass media
the second half of the 80s - early 90s .........................
Media in conditions
democratization and publicity ............................................... .......
Revival of the multi-party press .......................................
Journalism of the Epoch "Perestroika" ..........................................
Editions of the third "wave" emigration
and returned literature ............................................... ........
On the way to creating
Union of independent states ............................................... .
Journalism Russian Federation In 1991-2000 ......
System of the printed periodicals of Russia ...........................................
Television broadcasting .................................................. .............
Broadcasting................................................. ...........................
Information agencies ................................................ .......
Regional journalism .................................................. .....
Journalism on the Internet .............................................. ..
Journalism in the conditions of the market .............................................
Leading themes of the media ..........................
Journalism and power structures ......................................
Russian overseas press in new Russia .............................

Introduction

Xx at. It is the most saturated era in the history of civilization. This is the age of revolutions and world wars, the eyelids of the Empires and declared themselvesnational and mastered movements, a century of global catastrophe and world crises, a century of despair and hopes, a century, which connected the past with the future.

Xx at. - This is the era of unprecedented technical progress: from steam engines Until atoms, from Edison light bulb to nuclear power plants, from airplanes to spacecraft, from the dynamite of Nobel to the hydrogen bomb, from the telegraph to the Internet.

Journalism as approved in society social system did not stand aside from the processes that took place. She actively contributed to their incarnation. Developing and gaining all new structural links, the media swept the world space, which turned to the prediction of Marshal Mucchan, in the "Global Information Village".

Hih in. It was an eyelid inventions in the technical and technological equipment of journalism. Xx in. I embodied these innovations to journalistic practice. The first broadcasts on the radio in the 1920s, and then on television in the 1950s were forced to talk about the formation of a media system. At the end of the twentieth century Satellite and cable television, computer and multimedia technologies, mobile communications, have declared themselves satellite and cable television, global telecommunication computer networks have developed markedly, the most famous of which was the Internet.

In connection with the processes of globalization of mass communication in the information space, technical and technological re-equipment and delivery of information at any point of the planet with the help of superhighters, the integration of the mass media into the natural meta-infirmation system, journalism itself was significantly changed, becoming more mobile, integrated and inclusive and therefore a more influential social institution

in any social and political system. Also, its role, tasks, functions in the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural and moral environment and world civilization as a whole were changed.

The processes happened to have found real manifestations in Russian journalism. In political terms, the country changed into

century, as no other. Having survived two bourgeois and one socialist revolution, world and civil war at the beginning of the century, the Patriotic War - in the middle, and refusing the communist illusions at the end of the century, Russia is building a democratically oriented society today.

In research on the history of domestic journalism, which appeared at the end of the twentieth century of the twentieth centuries, the new trends in the consideration of the historical past and the current state of the Russian press were increasingly more noticeable. Freshness and originality, in particular, there is a volume and, of course, the important collective work of the historical scientists of the faculties of journalism of St. Petersburg and other universities "The History of Russian Journalism of the XVIII-XIH centuries." Ponov looked at many facts and events of certain stages of the past domestic press B. I. Esin in the textbook "History of Russian journalism of the nineteenth century." Scientific novelty in the assessment of individual stages and the whole process of development and functioning of domestic journalism of the XX century. It is contained in the works of E. V. Ahmadulina, A. F. Berezhnoye, G. V. Zhirkova, E. A. Kornilova, S. Ya. Makhonina, R. P. Ovsepyan, and others.

The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society only consists. The main goal that researchers arise today is related to the desire to recreate the truthful picture of the historical development of Russian journalism for 300 years of its existence, to reflect the realities of modern historical and journalistic science, which has been in captivity of dogmatic stereotypes, mythologized facts in assessing the role of this or other personality in journalism. The tendentious approach distorted many facts of the history of the Russian press, led to the destruction of a single historical and cultural, historical and publicistic process; I divided journalism by the class principle on bourgeois and Bolshevik, and then to the party and Soviet and emigrant (anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary). Meanwhile, the Russian emigrant press, as well as abroad at the beginning of the twentieth century. The seal of socialist parties was the opposition to the existing in the country ranks.

Introduction In the last decade, the scientific circulation of unknown earlier archival documents, original studies, books and monographs allowed us to take a fresh look at some events in the history of the press of Russia.

The historical experience of the functioning of the journalism system of the beginning of the twentieth century. has not only cognitive, but also practical

. In a short time, from 1900. Until October 1917, Russian journalism was a way from a powerful authoritarian system with elements of opposition to liberal, with a rapidly developing in the conversion of the party, parliamentary press (1905-1907). The post-revolutionary decline in the next step (1908-1909) ended with a new socio-political lift (1910-1914), interrupted by the First World War. The February Revolution of 1917 revealed advantages and contradictions of the formation of a journalism system in the conditions of a bourgeois-democratic system, interrupted by the October Revolution.

Historical truth requires to restore the process of becoming the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system, which took place after the victory of October

at young Soviet Russia, identify the main prerequisites for approval in the country of one-party journalism during the Civil War and Foreign Military Intervention. An important fact of the history of domestic journalism was the creation of a white movement in that time, and then the formation of its system abroad in the centers of Russian emigration.

The ideas about the activities of the press of Russia in the first decade of Soviet power until recently we were selective. It was not considered in the context of the conducted

at that time, socio-economic policies and military communal ideology, was hidden that in the 20s last century Under the influence of a new economic policy, a kind of historical and publicistic process, which has made it possible to establish contacts between journalism of the Soviet country and individual publications of Russian abroad.

In the 30s of the last century, Soviet journalism, blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, justified the repression against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of treason with communist construction. In-depth understanding of rectivative historical processes helps to understand the role that the Soviet press played in an extremely rapid formation of military communist ideology, which has enormous influence on the forms and methods of the country's management throughout the subsequent decades.

The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was put on the report of N. S. Khrushchev at held in 1956 the XX Congress of the CPSU "On the Cult of Personality and His Consequences." However, the period of "thaw" was short-term. Soviet journalism, not having time to deduct from the hard ideological cargo of the previous years,

repened again in captivity of the voluntarism and recurrence of the cult of personality. The coming to the leadership of the country L. I. Brezhnev entailed the tightening of the political climate, the intolerance of the authorities to the manifestations of fretsity journalism went from the real estimate of the socio-political contradictions. In the conditions created in the post-war decades, the domestic journalism of Russian abroad occupied, unfortunately, unfortunately, by the Soviet people due to the obstacles, which are obtained by censorship and law enforcement agencies.

1985 brought difficult problems to Soviet society and still not solved problems. The trends in socio-political life led to the fact that the stereotypes and dogmas of the Soviet press went into the past, and the journalism acquired unprecedented quality and possibilities.

Legally, remaining in the structure of the Soviet state, journalism in the conditions of restructuring and publicity contributed to the layer of the administrative and command system, the Company's movement along the path of democratic transformations. The originality of the historical and journalistic process of the second half of the 80s last century is that the media formally continued to be the ideological institute of the Soviet state. But at the same time, more and more noticeable, they became a subject of the formated democratically oriented society. A new political thinking expanded the object of the history of domestic journalism, discovered the way to its consideration as a single, historical and cultural, historical and public process.

If you compare the first and last decades of the twentieth century, which brought new trends to Russia, then with the difference between the difference, they look at certain similarities in political processes.

AND then and now for the first time a representative power was created

at person Legislative State Duma. For the first time, editions appeared, reflecting its activities.

AND then now on a democratic wave there were numerous political parties, alliances, movements, blocks, which posted the formation of the formation of multiparty journalism of the country.

AND then, after the cancellation of censorship and ads for freedom of speech and printing in Russia, the number of not only politicized publications, but also a typologically diverse business, differentiated by the audience and the interests of the mass,scientific, popular, educational, entertainment, boulevard and other types of presses.

Ovsepyan R. P. History of the latest domestic journalism (February 1917 - the beginning of the 90s). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. - 304 p.

Annotation: The manual considers the most important features of the functioning of domestic journalism in the context of the multiparty of the Soviet state and the developing democratic transformations in the transition period. The purpose of the manual is to understand the role of the media in the diverse processes of the country's socio-political and economic life at various stages of its history.

For students of faculties and departments of journalism universities.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Russian press after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution

Periodic seal of Russia at the beginning of the XX century

February Revolution and Print Development in Russia

Journalism in the political struggle of the confhensive parties

Print after July events

Chapter 2. Journalism of the first decade of Soviet power (November 1917 - 1927)

Approval of single-party Soviet journalism during the Civil War and Foreign Military Intervention (July 1918-1920)

Domestic journalism during the liberalization of the Soviet regime (1921-1927)

Chapter 3. Domestic journalism in the late 20s and in the 30s.

Development of the media structure

Journalism as a means of ideological and organizational support of the Bolshevik Concept of Socialist Construction

Domestic journalism of the 30s.

Chapter 4. Journalism on the eve and in the period of the Great Patriotic War (1939-1945)

Soviet journalism in pre-war years. Printing and radio in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War

The main problem of speeches of the Soviet press during the war years

Publicistics during the Great Patriotic War

Chapter 5. Journalism of the post-war decade (1946-1956)

Development of the media system in the postwar years

The topic of restoration and further rise of the national economy in the Soviet press

The topic of restoration and development of the economy in the press of post-war years

Chapter 6. Printing, television and radio second half of the 50s - mid-80s.

Further development Mass Media Structures

Theme of the economic reformity in the press

Journalism in captivity of voluntaryism and recurrence of the cult of personality

Chapter 7. The media of the second half of the 80s - early 90s.

Mass media in democratization and publicity

Revival in the country of multi-party printing

Journalism and new political thinking

Chapter 8. Journalism of the Russian Federation (90s)

Russia's media system in the first half of the 90s.

Structure of periodic seals of the Russian Federation

Television broadcasting

Broadcasting

Information agencies

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Introduction

The history of the newest domestic journalism at all stages of its path is complex and contradictory. The essence of journalism is determined not by the sum of emerging publications and publications, various in character and content, but a dynamic, diverse process in which the publication, publicist and society are in very complex relationships, in constant motion and development.

The history of the media (media) was under the influence of numerous not only objective, but also subjective factors that influenced the content, the nature of all its structural links. For decades, historical, including historical and journalistic, science was under an authoritarian press. She performed apologetic functions, depriving themselves from the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, truthfulness. In historical and journalistic literature, everything that could throw the shadow on the "infallibility" of the party, her leaders, sow doubt in the absolute correctness of their line.

The construction of the Soviet press, a lot of work is devoted to its participation in the socio-political transformations of our society. Among them, "Party and Soviet printing in the struggle for the construction of socialism and communism", published two publications in 1961 and 1966, "Printing and Construction of Communism" (M., 1969), "Soviet journalism and communist education of workers" (m ., 1979), "Multinational Soviet journalism" (M., 1975). A prominent place in historiography of the latest domestic journalism was employed: T. Antropov. The newspaper "True" in the struggle for the victory of the October Revolution (M., 1954); R. Ivanova. Party and Soviet seal during the detailed construction of socialism (1929-1937) (M., 1977); I. Kuznetsov. Party and Soviet seal in the years of socialist industrialization of the country (M., 1974); S. Matvienko. Party and Soviet printing as an instrument of socialist construction (1926-1932) (Alma-Ata, 1975); A. Mishuris. Printing born October (M., 1968) and others. However, carrying a rich factual material, these books are mostly written from the positions of the "short-term history of WCP (b)" positions, and do not reflect on the historical science. Today, the realities of modern historical science.

The authors of many studies were devoid of access even to complete sets of newspapers, not to mention archival materials. The objective conditions of the life of the Soviet society deprived them of the possibility of recreating the truthful picture of the historical development of domestic journalism.

In books and research, it was silent that the bourgeois-democratic state arose in the history of Russia in February 1917. The bourgeois-democratic state proclaimed the freedom of speech, press and other manifestations of democracy. The prospects have provided the opportunity to legalize their activities and take on the organization of their network of periodicals to the socialist parties of Russia.

It is necessary to restore the truth about the process of becoming the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system, which took place after the victory of October in young Soviet Russia.

The ideas about the activities of the press of Russia in the first decade of the Soviet government suffered a fragmentary nature until recently. She was not considered in the context of the socio-economic policy and military communist ideology held at the time, it was hidden that even after the victory of the October Revolution, the administrative office of the temporary government continued to act, helping the Soviet authorities to avoid anarchy and paralysis in managing the country that the forced privacy led to Serious change in the principles of distribution, naturalization of wages, equalization. The principles of "military communism", promoted by the press, were presented as a certain plan for the accelerated transition to communist production and distribution. Blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, she justified repression against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of treason with communist construction. In-depth understanding of rectivative historical processes helps to understand the role that the press played in an extremely rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a detrimental effect on the forms and methods of the country's management over the next decades.

The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness put the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress "on the cult of personality and its consequences held in 1956. However, the period of "thaw" was short-term. Analysis of the press of the late 60s and 70s. More and more approves in the thoughts that the arrival of the country of L.I. Brezhnev led to the tightening of political climate, the intolerance of the authorities to the manifestations of freedomiff. Journalism left the real estimate of the manifested socio-political contradictions.

1985 brought difficult problems to Soviet society and still not solved problems. Journalism in the context of democratization of society, publicity that opened the door to a little-known past has gained new qualities and opportunities. The revival of the multiparty press has become a reality. Under the influence of democratization and publicity in publications, seen the light after 1985, much secret was clear. The possibility of an objective assessment of the past made it possible to make the property of historical and historical and journalistic science, what was silent or distorted.

A lot of new, instructive contain collections of journalistic materials: "If on conscience" (1988), "other not given" (1988), "Returned names", in two kN. (1989), "Pages of the History of the CPSU. Facts. Problems. Lessons "(1988)," They were not silent "(1989)," Our Fatherland. Experience of political history, "in two tons. (1991), Book N. Verta" History of the Soviet state: 1900-1991 "(1995), tutorial "The history of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the 90s "(1996)," Journalism of the late XX century: lessons and prospects "(1998) and others.

The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society only consists. And yet for last years A lot of works came out, the authors of which give an objective picture of the processes that took place in the 90s. in mass media. This, in particular, is about books: "System of the media of Russia" (1994), "The moral principles of television journalist (experience of the Ethics Code)" (1994), "The history of the latest domestic journalism. Transitional period (mid-80s - 90s) "(1996)," Five Years of Freedom of Printing "(1996)," Mass Information: Production Strategy and Tactics of Consumption "(1996)," Judicial Reform: Problems of Analysis and Lighting . Discussions on legal journalism "(1996)," Mass media: system characteristics "(1996)," journalism in transition: problems and prospects "(1996) and others.

The rethinking of a number of problems of the history of the modern domestic journalism led to the need to overcome the elements of a dogmatic approach to the consideration of the nature and content of the Soviet press at all stages of its activities. The decisive refusal to the subjectivist interpretations of the formation and development of the latest domestic journalism opens up new horizons on this path in the historical and journalistic science.

A new reading and understanding of many documents and facts, an unbiased analysis of the newspaper sheet allowed to return to domestic journalism undeservedly forgotten names of publicists, to get acquainted with their activities and literary skill. In the history of the latest domestic journalism, the editorial and journalistic activity of N. Berdyaeva, N. Bukharina, Plekhanova, P. Struve, N. Ustrylova, L. Trotsky, V. Chernova, M. Zoshchenko, K. Radeka, P . Milyukova and other political figures and writers.