On Friday, December 15, a regular meeting took place in the library ecological club "Muraveinik". The guys got acquainted with an important environmental problem - the creation of modern ecological transport.

The progress or development of civilization cannot be stopped. But we must not forget that the resources of the planet should be spent wisely, carefully, and the primary task of people is to take care of the cleanliness of the environment. We throw a lot of pollution and waste into the outside world, but road transport is one of the main pollutants. One car per year absorbs up to 4 tons of oxygen, and emits about 1 ton of exhaust gases, which contain more than 1000 different harmful or toxic substances. And not only the air suffers from this, but also the soil, water. All this affects not only our health, but also the ecology of the planet.

At the meeting, the students learned about the modern know-how - absolute paint that does not lend itself to graffiti, restores concrete, does not form mold, is fire resistant and hardens almost like a diamond. If you paint your house with it once, you won't need to do it for another 1000 years. The main property of absolute paint is its ability to purify the air we breathe.

But the most important task for people is to make cars that are cheap, fast, durable, safe and, most importantly, environmentally friendly, so as not to contaminate the air with poisonous gases.

The guys were surprised to learn and saw in the videos the types of modern transport technologies. For example, a car has been developed that runs on the radioactive element thorium, which is responsible for generating heat in the center of the earth. Electric cars are already driving on the roads of the world. In a hydrogen car, as a result of the reaction, not carbon dioxide is released, but ordinary water. Currently, air vehicles (pneumatic vehicles) operating on compressed air are produced. Flying cars look like ordinary light airplanes, they can fold their wings and go on the highway. Ecobus - a new ecological mode of transportdeveloped in Saratov. Fuel for them is natural gas, which is stored in special protected cylinders. In European countries, segway and monowheel (segwil) have long been used - electric self-balancing scooters, the last of which has only one wheel and side steps.

To preserve and make our ecology fit for life, we need to transform, change technologies. By choosing environmentally friendly transport, cleaner production, we will save our planet and all cities will become cities of the future.

E. V. Pak,
librarian of the children's library

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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State budgetary educational institution of the city of Moscow "Gymnasium Maryina Roshcha named after V.F. Orlov" UK 1572 "Urban transport of the future" Project manager: Elena Donnikova Project authors: Nikita Pimenov, Leonid Pimenov, Alexander Somov, Alexandra Stabrovskaya, Maxim Osipov Moscow 2017

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Relevance of the topic Transport is a huge industry, and this industry in the 21st century will face big changes associated with three main factors. First, the situation on the planet is changing due to the problem of energy resources. The second factor dictating the need for change is the current state of the world's transport system itself. Thirdly, in the XXI century, global problems of ecology and safety will become even more acute, since transport, due to the scale of its use, has become the most dangerous invention of mankind. In our work, we propose ideas for the development of vehicles, which may come to practical implementation in the near future.

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The purpose of our research is to study how the ideas of creating modern modes of transport are implemented in general; identify which areas of transport development are especially in demand today; to determine the relevance of the development of vehicles and routes that allow the most efficient use of the airspace of the city. Based on the goal, we have established the following research objectives: 1) collect information about the ideas of new vehicles; 2) analyze the collected information; 3) present a concept and model of a vehicle to improve the future urban transport infrastructure; 4) draw conclusions on the research topic.

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Transport is an integral part of our modern life. Currently, such a vehicle as a personal car is available to almost everyone. The increase in the number of cars aggravates transport problems in the city - the streets are loaded with cars, there are not enough parking spaces, and the quality of the city air is deteriorating. Therefore, we can safely say that it is very important to take care not only of the number of vehicles in the city, but also of the integrated development of urban transport systems and facilities. TRANSPORTATION IN THE LIFE OF MODERN PEOPLE

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Writers ... Inventors ... Scientists ... Always lived a little ahead of their time. They tried to look into the future. And the inventors created this future with the help of science. For example, Jules Verne, in his stories, predicted the appearance of such incredible things for his time as a helicopter, an airplane, scuba gear, television, submarines and manned space flights. It can be concluded that the future is born in the present ...

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DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TRANSPORT Development occurs in three directions: increasing the speed of movement; improving the comfort of movement; application of energy and resource saving technologies. Let's consider in what direction the main types of transport are developing - road, air, water, rail. Development of road transport - electric cars, biomobiles, air cars, hybrids, nuclear-powered vehicles.

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Humanity has long been engaged in the search and development of new sources of fuel for the car. As you know, classic electric vehicles have already appeared that directly use electricity for driving, as well as cars with a biodiesel engine that use biofuels for movement, for example, from rapeseed biomass or waste frying oil (biomobiles).

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When developing urban transport projects, a person tries to solve the problem of traffic jams in large cities, the problem of barrier-free movement of people with disabilities in the city and the problem of preserving the environment. And the way out of this situation is to open up new spaces and new ways of transportation. More recently, Lexus engineers have made a childhood dream of the flying board from Back to the Future come true by creating a working prototype of the hoverboard.

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The device hovers above the ground using powerful magnets and superconductors. So far, the board can only move over a special metal surface - a test site has been built in Barcelona. There is every reason to believe that the hoverbike will become a reality in the near future.

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It is possible that new flying vehicles will replace modern automobiles. Lark-4 is equipped with an on-board computer that monitors and prevents pilot errors. It is equipped with an anti-theft identification system "friend or foe", it takes off and landing itself at a given point, in case of loss of consciousness, the pilot takes control.

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Flying AeroMobil. It can also move both on roads and in the air, uses regular gasoline as fuel and fits into any standard parking space. It is small in size and very beautiful in appearance.

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The Chinese flying machine YEE was demonstrated over two years ago. This machine is not yet capable of flying, but in the near future it will certainly be able to do so. This car is not very similar in appearance to a car, it looks more like a small spaceship. Chinese scientists also took care of the environment - this device is equipped with solar rechargeable batteries.

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The aircraft from Dutch scientists PAL-V ONE has already been successfully tested on the ground and in the air. In fact, this is not a flying car, but rather a three-wheeled motorcycle with propellers (like a helicopter). The American Terrafugia Transition flying car model is a two-seater aircraft that can travel on the roads and can also fly using regular gasoline as fuel. This car is equipped with a car parachute that can safely lower it together with the passengers to the ground.

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In the spring of 2015, the GF7 flying car was unveiled at the New York Auto Show, earning the nickname "Batmobile" in its appearance. While he is on the ground, the movement is carried out thanks to the work of an electric motor, which accelerates the car to 160 km / h - modestly, quietly and environmentally. But as soon as it spreads its 7-meter wings and soars up, a jet engine comes into play, which accelerates the GF7 to 885 km / h, simultaneously charging the electric engine. True, for take-off and landing it will need a real runway 2,500 meters long, but the maximum permissible flight altitude, like that of an "adult" aircraft, is up to 12,000 meters.

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While nuclear energy is intimidating to almost everyone these days, it could well become a big part of our shared sustainable transport future. The American company Laser Power Systems is working on a radioactive transportation business and plans to build a car engine that will run on one small piece of radioactive material. The engine will run, concentrate the heat generated by the thorium and use it to convert water into steam, which will turn a series of microturbines to generate electricity. Thorium is an extremely dense element, so a nut-sized particle of it can power a car for a hundred years - which completely eliminates the cost of gasoline and, paradoxically, helps to save the environment.

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Military and civil development of supersonic water and air transport. Reconnaissance aircraft of a new generation, SR-72. Planned characteristics of SR-72: 6 times the speed of sound, hypersonic speed - 6000 km / h. At this speed, the scout will become absolutely unattainable for air defense. Skylon, an ultra-fast aircraft that can travel five times faster than the speed of sound and enter Earth's orbit, which is space. Rocket plane from XCor company. Lynx Mark II is equipped with rocket engines and is capable of accelerating up to 3.5 thousand kilometers per hour, even ascending into space.

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Development of water transport and supercavitation In the world of marine technology, the main focus is on the development and implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200bsupercavitation. This effect is created when a layer of gas bubbles forms around an object in a liquid (imagine a submarine surrounded by bubbles). Gas reduces friction by almost 900 times its normal value, which allows objects to be moved very quickly through the water. According to scientists, in supercavitation conditions it is possible to accelerate the boat to 5,800 km / h.

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Rapid Rail Development: Maglev, Hyperloop and Skytrane Maglev is the official name for a magnetic levitation train. It comes into motion due to the action of an electromagnetic field and, in fact, levitates in the air (hence the name "maglev" - magnetic levitation). The absence of wheels reduces friction, which makes it possible to reach high speeds: the manglev speed record was set on April 21, 2015 in Japan - 603 km / h. Japanese super trains are quietly accelerating to 300 km / h now. It is assumed that in 12-15 years new trains of the L0 series will appear in the country, which will be able to accelerate to 500 km / h. The Japanese authorities expect that the high-speed railway will become the transport of the future in the country, replacing cars and airplanes. Sunny train. This is a SolarBullet development based on the use of solar energy. The high-speed train lines will be equipped with solar-powered canopies and power will be transmitted through rails.

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Hyperloop is a solar-powered system: something like a steel tube that will carry aluminum capsules carrying passengers at speeds over 1,200 km / h SkyTran, an air rail project that builds a personal urban rail transport. The SkyTran system works on the principle of magnetic levitation, but the cars of this maglev will go not on top, but on the bottom. Moreover, the trailers themselves will be quite small, they are designed to carry two or four people. The capsules will run every 30 seconds on average. Passengers will be able to call them via SMS or through a special application on their smartphone. SkyTran trailers can travel at an average speed of 70 kilometers per hour, accelerating to 250 km / h on special high-speed sections.

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PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN TRANSPORT Personal urban vehicles on an electric drive, which are rapidly gaining popularity among residents of megacities, include: unicycle, electric bike, electric scooter, electric skate, gyro scooter, segway.

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Toyota has released a car specifically for urban lone drivers. The Toyota i-ROAD is an ultra-compact three-wheeled electric vehicle that can squeeze into even the smallest gaps between other cars while driving on the road, allowing it to overcome traffic jams much faster.

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The transition to "green" transport is undoubtedly an environmental benefit. But what is behind this for logistics companies? The editorial staff of "TLnews" decided to figure out how the process of introducing environmentally friendly transport and fuel is going on in Russia, as well as what this could turn out to be for transport companies.

Green project starts with fuel

In 2011, Rosstandart, Rostekhnadzor, the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation and oil refining companies signed an agreement, according to which in 2016 our country had to switch to using fuel of an environmental standard not lower than Euro-5. Fuel of the 5th class is less harmful to the environment, since a liter of such fuel contains only 10 mg of sulfur, and, for example, in fuel of the 3rd class - already 150 mg.

The official transition to the new standards formally took place on July 1, 2016. But according to data for 2016, in reality, only 1/3 of the vehicles registered in our country met Euro-4 and higher standards. Even now Russians are morally and financially not ready to completely abandon "old" cars and buy a more environmentally friendly model of a car.

But experts believe that, first of all, not amateur motorists should switch to "green" transport, but transport companies. Yes, first, companies will have to spend money on updating their fleet, whose cars can run on environmentally friendly fuels - electric, NGV or hydrogen. However, later this will allow carriers to save on fuel, since now servicing vehicles powered by ecofuel is much cheaper than servicing vehicles powered by diesel or gasoline.

Tikhonov Alexander, a postgraduate student of the Tambov State Technical University, shared his opinion on the introduction of ecological transport into the work of logistics companies with the editorial board of TLnews:

Ecological transport is designed to improve the ecological situation around us. For example, tetraethyl lead was previously added to the fuel of gasoline cars. It increases the toxicity of the exhaust gases. Modern eco-friendly car models run on high-class fuel, in which the content of toxic substances is minimized. I believe that the citizens of our country will buy eco-friendly cars if their price is equal to the cost of an ordinary car. At the same time, they should not be inferior in other important technical indicators, - he noted.

Switching to electric cars in Russia

Electric cars are slowly entering the life of Russians. According to Avtostat, as of January 1, 2018, there were 1.8 thousand registered electric cars in Russia. Most of the cars are manufactured in Japan under the Nissan Leaf brand.

However, it is known that the serial production of electric vehicles is planned to be established in Russia as well. Now the Moscow Technopark "Kalibr" is engaged in the development of electric transport. The Kalibra electric car will have both a passenger and a cargo version. The car will be able to move at a speed of 100 km / h and work without refueling for 100 km. In addition, other brands are also developing in electric transport in Russia. Below we have presented a list of electric cars that have been released or may be released by domestic manufacturers in the near future.

Electric car "Sona"

In August 2017, the Sona Motors company showed the public the Russian electric car Sona. While the project has only a test model, production is planned to begin this year immediately after the company finds an investor.

Electric car "Zetta"

The Russian company "Zetta" also decided to keep up with colleagues and presented the electric car "El Panda". The car gets its name because of its panda-like design. The engine power of the car is 98 hp, the electric car can travel about 200 km without recharging. To organize the serial production of this model, the company also needs an investor.

Electric car "Bravo"

The Mordovian company "Bravo Motors" worked on the creation of this electric car. The car differs from its predecessors in its compactness: the electric car has a length of 2.7 m. The car is designed for only 1 person, instead of 4 wheels, the car has only 3 wheels. However, this does not prevent the electric car from accelerating to a speed of 90 km / h. The vehicle is equipped with 3 airbags and can be controlled using a gadget.

Electric car "LADA Ellada"

The well-known automobile concern "LADA" also presented its version of an electric car. The model was supposed to replace a conventional gasoline car. Its price ranged from 800 thousand rubles to 1 million rubles. However, the car had a huge drawback - it could not travel more than 30 km on a single charge, and even less in the conditions of the Russian winter. Also, not all battery charging stations could be serviced by LADA Ellada, as the car had a non-standard charging connector. For these reasons, the electric car was not popular among motorists.

The relevant departments are working hard on the introduction of electric transport. For example, according to the draft government program for the development of electric vehicles in the Russian Federation until 2025, owners of electric vehicles will be given the opportunity to not pay transport tax, use free parking lots, receive a discount on toll roads, etc. In addition, Rosseti are now working on the implementation of the all-Russian program for the development of charging infrastructure. In 2018, the department planned to supply about a thousand electric stations. As of 2017, a total of 60 charging stations for electric vehicles were built in the country, half of which were located in the Russian capital.

The latest developments in the field of "green" transport

Neuromobile

In Russia, in addition to electric cars, other types of environmentally friendly transport are being developed. Scientists of the National Research University of Nizhny Novgorod N.I. Lobachevsky are working on the release of the first domestic neuromobile. The development is carried out within the framework of the state program "Project 5-100". Vasily Mironov, head of the laboratory of intelligent biomechatronic technologies at UNN, that the neuromobile will be controlled by the power of the driver's thought.

Imagine a situation when a driver decided to change lanes on the road. The car will automatically recognize that it is driving on a multi-lane track. Based on the results of the driver's electroencephalogram, the neuromobile is rebuilt to another lane.

Unmanned vehicles

Yandex has been developing unmanned vehicles for a long time. Prototypes of future vehicles are being tested at a specially designated test site. However, in Russia there is still no documented procedure for admitting cars to tests on public roads. Yandex representatives hope that a regulatory act with security requirements in this area will soon appear. The head of the Russian traffic police, Mikhail Chernikov, said that the company applied for permission to test an unmanned vehicle at the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate in Moscow, but was refused.

In Russia, there are developments not only for light unmanned vehicles, but also for trucks. KAMAZ has also created and is testing its own prototypes of UAV trucks. The machine is oriented thanks to cameras and sensors. The KAMAZ unmanned aerial vehicle has sensors around its entire perimeter that determine the quality of the road and can warn the driver of a possible collision. The system, based on the received data, determines whether it is possible to make a turn, braking, etc.

Drones

Robotics is gradually being introduced to the logistics market. The advantage of drones is that they can deliver cargo to settlements, to which convenient roads are not built. The editorial staff of TLnews said that Business Lines have already started testing robotics in their work. The drones have done an excellent job in the company's warehouses. Technopolis “Moscow” has not lagged behind its colleagues. Experts have developed software that allows drones to deliver goods weighing up to 3 kg at a distance of up to 30 km.

Finally, we note that in our country the introduction of ecological transport has not acquired such a large-scale character as, for example, abroad. This is due not only to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, but also to the personal needs of motorists. Not every driver is willing to pay 1.5–2 times more for a vehicle's lower environmental performance. This tendency in Russia will continue until the market price of "green" transport becomes the same as for gasoline car models.

Another reason for the slow introduction of eco-transport is the undeveloped regulatory framework. In Russia, there are no officially approved legislative acts that would secure the movement of ecological transport, encourage their purchase, which means that the use of ecological transport still raises many questions at every stage of the operation of the latest technology.

The importance of transport for humanity can hardly be overestimated. From time immemorial, he played an important role, constantly developing and improving. The scientific and technological revolution that took place in the 20th century, population growth, urbanization and many other factors brought its development to a completely new level.

However, at the same time, a problem arose: a huge number of vehicles caused the deterioration of the ecological situation on a global scale. That is why more and more attention is being paid today to the development of ecological modes of transport.

Any transport for which energy production is not associated with the combustion of hydrocarbons can be called environmentally friendly. The exception is atomic reactions, which are not used in land transport. Biodiesel, an alcohol-fueled internal combustion engine also burn carbon, so they cannot be classified as environmentally friendly modes of transport. It is most correct to classify ecotransportation by types of engines.

Electric drive

At the moment it is the fastest growing type of environmentally friendly transport. A great future has been prescribed for him, and this has already been noticed by all major automotive concerns. Several thousand electric vehicles are already on the roads of the world. Moreover, the future electric car will not have such large dimensions and cost as the famous Tesla electric car. Rather, it will be some kind of a rickshaw with a cab or with an ordinary plastic car body. On average, for an electric car to compete with a gasoline car, it needs to weigh four times less. There are similar examples in the automotive industry.

The main problem with electric vehicles is batteries. They are already the only limitation to the mass production of electric vehicles. All other technical limitations were overcome 50 and 100 years ago. The electric motor has more efficiency than gasoline. Its resource is much higher, and the complexity of manufacturing is small. In addition, he does not need a checkpoint. Most mass-produced electric vehicles are now manufactured with lithium batteries. They are very expensive. Sodium sulphide batteries have been proposed as an alternative. At the moment, stationary sodium-sulfide storage stations with a capacity of more than 1 MW are used in Japan. Perhaps, in the future, they will appear on electric vehicles.

Hydrogen engines

Hydrogen is the most energy-intensive fuel in the world. The calorific value of one weight part of pure gaseous hydrogen exceeds gasoline by 2.5 times. This means that the weight reserve of hydrogen in the cylinder can be as many times less. The combustion of hydrogen can take place in a conventional piston engine. At the same time, there are technological difficulties. Due to the high combustion temperature, it is necessary to reinforce the cylinder block with ceramics, which is very difficult and expensive.

For this reason, catalysts - installations for the flameless combustion of hydrogen - are of particular interest. However, they require bottled oxygen and the cost is also high. When hydrogen is oxidized in the catalyst, an electric current is generated. Such an installation works silently and with high efficiency. Unfortunately, the high price tag does not bode well for mainstream hydrogen cars. Nowadays, they also drive on the roads.

There are other solutions in the field of ecotransportation: pneumatic motors, chemical batteries (heat or current is released during metal oxidation), mechanical energy storage, spring drive. While all of them are at the development stage, giving way to electric vehicles.

Air vehicle

Currently, air vehicles (pneumatic vehicles) are produced, the so-called vehicles with a pneumatic engine, for the operation of which compressed air is used. Energy is accumulated by pumping it into cylinders. Then, passing through the distribution system, the compressed air enters the air motor, which drives the machine. Thus, when driving at low speed or for short distances, such a car uses only air, without harming the environment.

Segway

In a number of countries, postal workers, golfers, police officers and many other categories of citizens travel by means of transport such as segways. It is a self-balancing scooter with two wheels located on either side of the driver. Segway balancing occurs automatically and depends on the position of the rider's body: when it is tilted back, the scooter slows down, stops or goes in reverse, and when leaning forward, it starts moving or accelerates. Each of the Segway wheels has its own electric motor that reacts to the slightest changes in the vehicle's balance. The engine is powered by lithium-ion batteries and recharges automatically when descending the mountain. A full charge is enough for 8 hours. You can also use a regular outlet - 15 minutes of charging is enough for about 1.6 kilometers.

Electric unicycle (segwile)

Monowheel (segwil) - an electric self-balancing scooter with only one wheel and footpegs located on either side of it, first appeared in 2012 in the United States. It is equipped with a powerful electric motor (250-2000 W) and gyroscopes for automatic balancing. When the power is on, the gyroscopes align the wheel with the axis, thus maintaining balance. Also, the scooter is equipped with accelerometers and various sensors.

The vehicle is controlled by changing the inclination of the body: when leaning back, the segvil brakes or changes direction, when the center of gravity is shifted forward, it accelerates. When the scooter stops, the driver must lean on his foot. This type of transport is most widespread in China.

Urban ecotransport

Probably, everyone knows such types of ecological transport as trolleybus and tram. They are both powered by electricity and are designed to carry passengers.

The tram is one of the first types of urban public transport, appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, then it was set in motion with the help of a horse drawn carriage. The first electric tramway appeared in 1881 in Germany.

The trolleybus appeared as the first experimental trolleybus line in 1882, also in Germany. Moreover, at first, trolleybuses were operated only as an additional transport to the tram. The first fully trolleybus line was opened in 1933 in Moscow.

Bicycle and scooter

There is probably no person who would never try to ride a scooter or bicycle. These wheeled vehicles are propelled by the subject's muscular strength. In a bicycle, foot pedals are used for this purpose, and in a scooter, movement is ensured by repeatedly pushing the foot off the ground. On a bicycle, a person occupies a sitting position, while on a scooter he stands holding the handlebars. Scooters are now used not only for entertainment by children, but along with bicycles are also used by adults: postal workers, police and even ambulance workers.

Many people in Europe and America prefer to get to work on a bicycle, in Tokyo on a scooter, because, on the one hand, there is no need to stand in traffic jams, and on the other hand, due to physical activity, the body becomes healthier.

Every year the need to use ecological transport is growing, since the functioning of the current transport system with the release of pollutants into the air is increasingly degrading the ecosystem of our planet.