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The successful development of green building is possible only through the widespread introduction of mechanization into production.

The maximum use of mechanization in landscaping, in particular when laying new plantings, repairing and operating them, significantly reduces the cost of work and allows you to use the most advanced agricultural techniques.

The mechanization of labor-intensive processes reduces labor costs and eases it, which is also important in green construction, the operation of green spaces and the cultivation of planting material.

Most of the machines and tools used in green building, manufactured by the industry for agriculture and forestry, do not require special large devices, and some of them can be used by supplementing with small devices. For the mechanization of labor-intensive work, it is necessary to select machines and tools taking into account soil and soil conditions, the quality indicators of the operation of machines and tools, and the economic feasibility of using them (productivity, etc.). The choice of machines and implements depends on the volume of work and the conditions of the farm.

In green building, the correct use of machines is essential. It is important that the machines are operated by well-trained people who know their design and adjustment.

All machines and implements must be carefully checked daily before work whether the mechanisms are working properly and whether the fasteners are secure. It is necessary to check whether the machine is filled with fuel, and whether the implements are correctly installed in the trailed and mounted implements. After that, you should check the unit in operation.

In the process of work, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of technical maintenance of machines - timely lubricate, check the fastening of parts, the perfection of the working bodies, etc. It is especially important to follow the safety rules during the operation of the units, as well as during the winter maintenance and storage period. If the machines and tools are assigned to the brigade, then a technician or foreman (foreman) should be responsible for their storage.

When landscaping and caring for plantings, in some cases, you have to use manual labor. Therefore, farms should be provided with appropriate equipment that meets a particular work technology.

On the farm, first of all, it is necessary to have garden shovels. of various types. Universal garden shovels USL with a small oval curvature of the cutting part are designed for digging soil and digging planting holes. VL digging shovels with a flat cutting part damage the roots of planting material less and at work on digging plants provide greater labor productivity than other shovels.

To work, you need hoes and rippers, which are different in shape and purpose. So, lightweight hollow hoes are used for loosening medium-heavy soils to a depth of 3-5 cm. Universal heavy and medium hoes are designed to work on heavy soils and provide loosening to a depth of 5-7 cm. For loosening highly compacted soils to a depth of 10 cm, use pickaxe hoes. On loose soils, special 3-5-toothed rippers are used to destroy the crust.

The choice of machines, tools and equipment in each specific case is decided based on the expected volume and conditions of work.

Transcript

1 NOVOSIBIRSK STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY AGRONOMIC FACULTY Machines and mechanisms in landscape construction Methodological guidelines for studying the discipline NOVOSIBIRSK 2015

2 UDC 712: 631.3 (07) LBC, i 7 M 382 Department of Botany and Landscape Architecture Compiled by: lecturer. A. A. Vasiliev Reviewer, candidate of agricultural sciences Sciences, Assoc. NA Usatykh Machines and mechanisms in landscape construction: method. instructions / Novosib. state agrarian un-t, Agronomist. fac .; comp. A. A. Vasiliev. Novosibirsk: IC NSAU "Golden Ear", p. Methodical instructions are intended for practical and independent work by full-time and part-time students studying the discipline "Machines and mechanisms in landscape construction" in the direction of training Landscape architecture. The methodological instructions include tasks for coursework and control work, test tasks for controlling knowledge, a dictionary of terms. Approved and recommended for publication by the educational and methodological council of the Faculty of Agronomy (minutes 2 of February 25, 2015) Novosibirsk State Agrarian University,

3 INTRODUCTION Green spaces (grass lawns, shrubs and tree plantations) play an important role in the sanitary and hygienic improvement and healthier living conditions of the population and are an integral part of urban improvement. Greening zones (squares, parks, boulevards) to a certain extent affect the planning structure of the city and are one of the main elements of its landscape. Mobile means of small mechanization are designed to carry out work on urban green construction sites of small size and complex configuration. These tools include small tractors (MG tractors), walk-behind tractors, power units, motor equipment (motor-cultivators, motor-driven rippers, motor-cutters, motor-mowers). At the same time, gardening and landscape construction is an expensive and labor-intensive branch of the urban economy. Achieving a real reduction in the cost of construction and operation of landscaping facilities is possible, first of all, by maximum mechanization of the main labor-intensive processes, such as clearing and planning of territories, harvesting and storing plant land and fertilizers, working with large-sized planting material (digging, loading, transporting, planting, etc. .), arranging lawns and most plant maintenance operations. For the mechanization of these works, technical means are used, specially created for landscaping work, as well as borrowed from other sectors of the national economy (agriculture, forestry, construction). As a result of studying the discipline, students of the specialty Landscape architecture should - know: the theory of designing the working bodies of machines, mechanisms and tools; calculation of their design parameters; issues of stability of machine and tractor units; principles of operational calculations of aggregate machines, mechanisms and tools when performing gardening, landscape, forestry, reclamation, landscaping and other types of work; principles of recruiting and calculating the machine and tractor fleet for the production facility; a planned preventive system of maintenance and repair of machines, mechanisms and tools; basic provisions of labor protection when using the machine and tractor fleet; - be able to: carry out calculations of individual parts of machines in order to improve them, increase reliability and performance; choose the right machines, mechanisms and tools in accordance with natural and soil conditions; rationally completing the machine and tractor fleet; 3

4 organize the rational use of machinery; ensure compliance with labor protection and safety regulations; - own: methods of making optimal decisions on the use of machines, mechanisms and tools, taking into account the phenomena and processes of natural, silvicultural, technological, economic, special and other nature; In the process of studying the discipline, the following competencies are formed: - possession of cultural thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it (OK-1); - striving for self-development, improving their qualifications and skills (OK-5); - the ability to use the basic laws of natural disciplines in professional activities, to accept methods of mathematical analysis and modeling, experimental research (PC-1); - be able to use normative legal documents in their activities (PC-3); - possession of the main method of landscape taxation, monitoring of condition and inventory at landscape architecture objects (PC-9); - the ability to develop design and working technical documentation for objects of landscape architecture, draw up completed design work (PC-21); - readiness to ensure the organization of work on the operation of machines, mechanisms, specialized equipment at landscape construction sites and in decorative nurseries (PK-25). 4

5 1. Contents of the main topics Topic 1. Classification, types and purpose of machines and mechanisms and the conditions for their use Mobile means of small mechanization are designed to perform work on urban green construction sites, which are usually small in size and complex configuration. These tools include small tractors (MG-tractors), walk-behind tractors, power units, motor-equipment (motor-cultivators, motor-driven rippers, motor-cutters, motor-mowers). Test questions 1. Types of small-sized tractors and motoblocks. 2. Signs of small tractors and motoblocks. 3. Signs of small two-axle tractors. 4. Signs of small-sized uniaxial tractors. Topic 2. Theoretical foundations of the design and use of machines Basic mechanisms and systems of the engine It is a complex machine, consisting of several units and systems, in a certain way interconnected. Their design and location may be different, but the purpose is common to all types of traction machines. Basic concepts and definitions of the engine Top dead center (TDC) is the position of the piston in the cylinder, at which the distance from the crankshaft axis to the piston bottom will be greatest. The bottom dead center (BDC) is the position of the piston crown corresponding to its smallest distance from the crankshaft axis. Engine Duty Cycle The engine duty cycle is a periodically repeating sequence of processes in a cylinder that keeps the engine running. The process that occurs in the cylinder when the piston moves from one dead center to another is called a stroke. Engines in which the operating cycle takes four piston strokes, that is, two revolutions of the crankshaft, are called four-stroke. Comparative characteristics of engines The diesel engine has the following advantages in comparison with the carburetor engine: the efficiency is higher due to the reduction of heat losses, as a result of which the engine consumes on average% (by weight) less fuel per unit of work performed; runs on heavier fuels, 5

6 which is cheaper and less fire hazardous than gasoline. At the same time, the diesel engine has a number of disadvantages, the main of which are: the strength of individual parts must be higher due to the higher gas pressure in the cylinder, which leads to an increase in the engine mass; Starting a diesel engine requires more energy, especially in winter. Working equipment of the MG-tractor and the walk-behind tractor A group of mechanisms called the mounted system is used to attach mounted technological machines and tools to the tractor and control their position. Basically, a separate-unit mounted system is used, in which individual elements (units) are dispersed throughout the tractor, and not in one place. With such a system, mounted technological machines and implements can be attached to the tractor not only at the rear, but also in other places convenient for this purpose. Test questions 1. Basic mechanisms and units of MG tractors and motoblocks. 2. Working equipment of MG tractors and motoblocks. 3. The main mechanisms of the engine system. 4. Engine duty cycle. 5. Comparative characteristics of engines. 6. Modern domestic and foreign MG tractors and motoblocks. Topic 3. Machines for work in forestry and gardening and park economy for tillage, sowing, planting, caring for forest and green spaces in the city The selected method of clearing the areas should ensure maximum preservation of the humus layer of the soil on the prepared site, improving its physical and mechanical properties ... Areas littered with shrubs with stems up to 6 cm in diameter and up to 4-5 m in height should be plowed in with shrub or bush-bog plows, or covered with heavy disc harrows. A larger shrub with a trunk diameter of up to cm and a height of up to 10 m is cut with hedge trimmers or uprooted with rooting harrows. Test questions 1. Tillage machines and implements, aggregated with small tractors and walk-behind tractors. 2. Machines for collecting and processing seeds. 3. Machines for applying fertilizers. 4. Milling tillage machines. 6

7 Topic 4. Construction, earth-moving, fire-fighting vehicles Grubbing of stumps is the most time-consuming operation in the preparation of felling sites for reforestation. The release of forest areas from stumps and large unwanted vegetation depends on the species and diameter of stumps and trees, the age of their felling, the particle size distribution of the soil and its moisture content. Preparation of clearings for forest restoration is carried out by milling the aboveground part of the stump to the soil level (MUP-4, MPP-0.75) and milling the aboveground and partly underground part of the stump simultaneously with preparing the soil in strips. Cleaning of felling areas from felling residues, dead wood and collecting them into shafts and heaps is carried out by pick-up branches (PS-5, PS-2.4). Test questions 1. Heavy equipment (skeppers, graders, rollers). 2. Ditchers and excavators. Topic 5. Machines and mechanisms for creating lawns and caring for them Lawn is an area covered with perennial grasses that create a dense soil cover. A lawn in an urban environment is not only an artistic element of an object, but also plays an important sanitary and hygienic role, trapping a large amount of dust, regulating humidity and air temperature. Depending on the requirements for lawns and their purpose, they are divided into decorative, sports and special. The most widespread are decorative lawns, which are subdivided, in turn, into parterre, ordinary, meadow and flowering (Moorish). Special lawns are set up on airfields, slopes of highways and railways, on slopes of hydraulic structures and other special-purpose facilities. Sports lawns are created at stadiums, hippodromes, sports grounds. Depending on the purpose, there are several ways to create lawns: surface preparation and sowing of lawn grasses, surface preparation and sowing of seeds as part of special solutions (hydroseeding), preparation of surfaces for matting and laying out roll turf. Test questions 1. Machines for creating rolled and sown lawns. 2. Machines for creating lawns by the method of hydroseeding. 3. Machines and mechanisms for lawn care, watering and feeding the lawn. 4. Mechanical treatment of sod and soil grazing. 7

8 Topic 6. Machines and mechanisms for pruning and shaping the crown of trees and pruning shrubs One of the main measures for the care of the aboveground part of trees in urban conditions is pruning the crown in accordance with the biology, growth and development of the plantation. Pruning of trees is carried out to remove dry, damaged branches that have lost their decorative effect, preserve the early formed shape and size of the crown, and rejuvenate it. Pruning affects the ratio of the total mass of roots and crown, which contributes to an increase in the number of absorbing roots, which improve carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, as well as introductory exchange. There are three main types of pruning: molding, sanitary, anti-aging. Test questions 1. Machines for pruning and shaping the crown of trees. 2. Machines for pruning shrubs. 3. Gas cleaners. Topic 7. Machines and mechanisms for cleaning garden paths and areas Summer cleaning consists in cleaning the surface from leaves in debris, and cleaning of paths and areas that does not have a hard surface is especially difficult. When washing such paths, the top layer of coatings is washed out, and when sweeping with a brush, it collapses, forming many dust-like particles. Test questions 1. Sidewalk cleaning machines. 2. Universal machines. 3. Fraser-rotor machines. 4. Snowblowers. 2. QUESTIONS FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY 1. Schemes of the organization of the use of MTP. 2. Methods for constructing the working surfaces of dumps. 3. The forces acting on the plow. 4. Technique for installing the PLN-4-35 plow at a given working depth. 5. Types of working bodies of milling machines. 6. The principle of construction of the dental field. 7. Technique for installing steam cultivators at a given working depth. 8. Purpose and device of the SK aerator Methodology for calculating the drive power of electric lawn mowers. 10. Domestic experience in operating a tool for pruning and shaping the crown of trees and shrubs. eight

9 11. Types of construction of greenhouses and greenhouses. 12. Technology for growing planting material for garden crops with a closed root system. 13. Methodology for calculating the required concentration of pesticides in solutions for spraying. 3. QUESTIONS TO THE EXAM 1. Small tractors and motoblocks. 2. Modern domestic and foreign small tractors and motoblocks 3. Basic mechanisms and units of MG tractors and motoblocks. 4. The main mechanisms and systems of the engine. Engine duty cycle. 5. Comparative characteristics of engines. 6. Working equipment of MG-tractor and walk-behind tractor. 7. Machines and tools for clearing and leveling the territory. 8. General information on basic tillage. 9. Plowshares and disc plows. 10. Digging machines and tools. 11. Milling machines. 12. Hole diggers and site makers. 13. General information on additional tillage. 14. Harrows and rollers. 15. Cultivators. 16. Rules of operation of the cultivator engine and maintenance. 17. Machines for creating lawns. 18. Machines for creating lawns by hydroseeding. 19. Classification of lawn mowers. 20. Review of lawn mowers. 21. Mechanical treatment of sod and soil grazing. 22. Lawn cleaners. 23. Machines and mechanisms for cleaning garden paths and areas. 24. Pruning and shaping the crown of trees and shrubs. 25. Domestic motorized tool for pruning and shaping the crown of trees and bushes. 26. Foreign motorized tool for pruning and shaping the crown of trees and bushes. 27. Methods of irrigation and agroforestry requirements for irrigation. 28. Classification of sprinkler machines and installations for irrigation. Water supply systems. 29. Elements of sprinkler installations. 30. Tasks and methods of protecting plantations from pests and diseases. 31. Classification of machines and apparatus. 32. Sprayers. Their classification and main components. 33. Operations performed in protected ground and agrotechnical requirements for them. 34. Specialized machines for soil preparation in greenhouses and greenhouses. 35. Mechanization of operations for the care of plants and regulation of environmental parameters in greenhouses. 36. Safety precautions when working with machines in greenhouses. 37. The concept of the technology of production processes. 38. Organization and technology of mechanized lawn care. 39. Organization and technology of mechanized maintenance of trees and shrubs. 40. Organization and technology of mechanized maintenance of garden paths and grounds. nine

10 4. TOPICS OF CONTROL WORK 1. Tillage machines and implements. 2. Machines for collecting and processing fruits and seeds. 3. Nursery machines. 4. Machines for planting and caring for forest cultures. 5. Machines for working in drained clearings. 6. Machines for temporarily waterlogged soils. 7. Machines for damp (excessively wet) soils. 8. Machines for sandy soils. 9. Machines for field protection afforestation. 10. Machines for working on slopes. 11. Machines for nursery schools. 12. Pit diggers. 13. Machines for fighting forest fires. 14. Machines for the chemical protection of the lawn. 15. Complex of machines and mechanisms for logging. 16. A complex of machines and mechanisms for felling, maintenance. 17. Schematic diagram of the device of machines for applying fertilizers. 18. Cultivators. Cultivator classification. General arrangement of cultivators. Working bodies of paw cultivators and their parameters. Placing paws on the cultivator and fastening them. 5. METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL WORK The number of the test work option is selected according to the last two digits of the record book number. The work should: 1. Justify the relevance of the selected topic, its value and significance for the field of machines and mechanisms in landscape construction. 2. To identify specific opportunities for improving the mechanization system based on a comprehensive study of the course. 3. To develop a system of measures to improve the landscape construction system based on scientific research data. Students must show the ability to substantiate the topic, research methods used when using machines, develop specific measures to improve the mechanization of landscape construction and calculate the expected effect. The test should consist of a title page, content (table of contents), main (special) part, and a list of references. The work is drawn up on sheets of A4 paper, text font 14, line spacing - 1.5. The text material is carried out in printed form. Schemes, tables and figures are numbered sequentially. All pages should also be numbered. ten

11 In the introduction, they briefly substantiate the relevance of the topic, show the value of the chosen object, determine the purpose and objectives of the work, indicate the research methods used, the materials used. The introduction, as a rule, should be no more than 2 pages. Conclusions and proposals should be specific, confirming the rationality of the proposed activities. They are presented in the form of a number of basic provisions, in which the main content of the analyzed material is consistently given, the author's proposals, and ways of solving the problems posed are proposed. Conclusions and proposals are drawn up in the form of separate points within one paragraph, each point is numbered. The list of literature should contain an ordered list of literary sources used in the study (at least 10), and is located on the last page of the test. If students encounter difficulties in composing an answer to the control task, they should contact the department for advice. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE CONTROL WORK The control work should include the following sections: title page (Appendix 1) 1 page; content (appendix 2) 1 page; introduction no more than 2 pages; main part p .; conclusion - 3 pages; list of sources used 2 pages; The volume of the test is pages. 6. TEST TASKS Option 1 1. Why do you need forest clearing: a) to ensure the required number of seats; b) for harvesting stumps, large roots, illiquid wood; c) to ensure the comprehensive mechanization of reforestation work. 2. What is the difference between the operating principle of the MP-7A grubber and the MRP-2A: a) only by uprooting shrubs, undergrowth, removing stones up to 3 tons; b) only for use on mineralized and moist peat soils; c) only minimal removal of the upper humus layer. 3. What machines are used for the construction and repair of the drainage network: a) excavators; b) bulldozers; c) grubbing machines. 4. Where in forestry general-purpose plows are used: a) for field-protective afforestation; b) in clearings that were under forest; c) when plowing areas that were not under forest. eleven

12 5. For what conditions were special forest plows created: a) for plowing drained soils in nurseries; b) to prepare the soil with individual or micro-elevations, to create a drainage ditch; c) to create strata in areas of constant excess moisture. 6. For what types of work are harrows and cultivators used: a) for continuous tillage; b) for additional tillage; c) silvicultural forest maintenance. 7. What is the processing of forest seeds: a) immersing the cones in a special solution to force the scales to open; b) loading the cones into drying chambers to dry them; c) in de-winging, cleaning and sorting seeds. 8. Sowing methods used in forestry: a) line, belt, by layers; b) lowercase, tape, wide-line; c) tape, wide-lined, in the furrow. 9. Working bodies of forest planting machines: a) opener, knife, box for planting material, planting apparatus, compacting roller; b) packer roller, opener, knife, impeller, bar, axle with spring; c) knife, opener, packer roller, guide chute, grab, ballast box. 10. In what cases the bed maker is used: a) on soils with excessive moisture; b) on drained soils; c) on drained soils and soils with periodic waterlogging. Option 2 1. What mulchers are used for: a) to drain the soil; b) for planting seeds with soil; c) for covering seeds with sawdust and peat crumb. 2. What is the role of the digging machine: a) digging up undergrowth, bushes, berries; b) digging seedlings, seedlings, shrubs, berries; c) digging seedlings, seedlings, shaking off the soil from the roots. 3. Why are sprayers needed: a) for chemical soil treatment; b) to carry out agrotechnical care of crops; c) for watering seedlings and seedlings with water. 4. What is the main difference between an aerosol generator and a dusting agent: a) in applying dust-like preparations to the surface of the object; b) in the application of pesticides in the form of drops to the surface of the object; c) in applying a poisonous mist to the surface of an object. 5. What is the principle of operation of the aerosol generator: 12

13 a) in the transformation of the working fluid into a poisonous mist; b) in the transformation of poisonous powder into dust; c) in the transformation of the working fluid into poisonous droplets. 6. The main goal of thinning is: a) formation of deciduous plantations; (b) Formation of plantings of the desired composition by selectively removing unwanted trees; c) the formation of plantings of the required composition, by means of sanitary felling. 7. Which engine is on the chainsaws: a) two-stroke; b) four-stroke; c) six-stroke. 8. For what types of work is the "Secor-3" motorized brush cutter used: a) for cutting bushes and herbaceous vegetation; b) for clearing young forest stands and pruning of trees; c) for cutting down trees, clearing young forest stands, mowing grassy vegetation. 9. What is the ELKHA forestry unit intended for: a) for felling and under-drifting of trees, cutting off bushes, pruning branches, crosscutting logs; b) for felling trees, pruning branches, mowing grass vegetation, bucking trees; c) for felling and under-drifting of tree-lengths, cutting off bushes, de-limbing, bucking trees. 7. DICTIONARY OF TERMS Theory of mechanisms and machines is the science of general methods of analysis and synthesis of mechanisms and machines. Analysis of the mechanism study of the kinematic and dynamic properties of the mechanism according to a given scheme. Mechanism synthesis - design of a mechanism diagram for given properties. A machine is a technical device that carries out certain mechanical movements associated with the transformation of energy, properties, dimensions, shape or position of materials (or objects of labor) and information in order to facilitate the physical and mental labor of a person, to improve its quality and productivity. energy. Types of machines An energy machine converting one type of energy into another. A machine-engine that converts any kind of energy into mechanical. Machine-generator converting mechanical energy into a different kind A working machine is designed to convert materials. The transport machine only converts the position of the material. 13

14 The technological machine transforms the shape, properties and position of a material or object. The information machine is designed to receive and transform information. The control and management machine is designed to transform information in order to control power or working machines. A mathematical machine is designed to obtain mathematical images corresponding to the properties of an object. A cybernetic machine is designed to imitate or replace a person in the processes of activity inherent only to him or to objects of living nature, and has elements of artificial intelligence. Machine unit is a technical system consisting of one or more machines connected in series or in parallel with each other, and designed to perform any required functions. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANISMS A link of a mechanism is one or several parts rigidly connected to each other. A kinematic pair is a connection of two contacting links allowing their relative movement. An element of a kinematic pair is a set of surfaces, lines and individual points of a link along which it comes into contact with another link. In higher kinematic pairs, the contact elements are a line or a point. In the lower kinematic pairs, the contact element is the surface. A translational pair is a one-movable pair that allows straight-forward movement of one link relative to the other. Rotational pair is a one-movable pair that allows rotary movement of one link relative to the other. A cylindrical pair is a two-movable pair that allows rotational and translational (along the axis of rotation) movement of one link relative to the other. The number of degrees of freedom of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that determine the position of all elements of the system. A kinematic chain is a system of links connected by kinematic pairs. Types of kinematic chains Closed each link is included in at least two kinematic pairs with other links. fourteen

15 Non-closed links are included in only one kinematic pair with another link. Plane trajectories of the points of all links are in parallel planes. Spatial links are links, the trajectories of the points of which do not lie in parallel planes. The mechanism is a kinematic chain with a fixed link, in which, for a given movement of one or several links, all other links perform quite definite movements. Mechanism links Rack is a fixed link of the mechanism. The input link is a link to which a movement is imparted, which is converted by the mechanism into certain movements of other links. The output link is the link that makes the movement for which the mechanism is designed. A crank is a link that forms a rotational pair with a rack and is capable of making a full revolution around it. The connecting rod is a link that is not included in the kinematic pairs with the rack. The rocker arm is a link that forms a rotational pair with a rack, but is not capable of making a full revolution around it. Slider is a link making a translational movement relative to the rack. The link is a link that rotates around a fixed axis and forms a translational pair with another movable link. Schemes of representation of mechanisms in the drawings Structural (principle) diagram using conventional designations without observing the dimensions of the links. Kinematic diagram with respect to the dimensions of the links required for the kinematic calculation. Types of mechanisms depending on the design of the links Lever containing only lower kinematic pairs. Cogwheels containing cogwheels. Cam lobes containing the highest kinematic pair. Flexible link mechanisms contain links that are not rigid bodies. Frictional in which the transmission of motion occurs due to friction forces. fifteen

16 Types of mechanisms depending on the functional purpose: Hinge mechanism mechanism, the links of which form only rotational pairs. The crank-rocker mechanism is a hinged four-link mechanism, which includes a crank and a rocker arm. sixteen

17 BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST 1. Vdovin E.S. Workshop on forestry machines: textbook. specials manual Forestry / E. S. Vdovin, V. V. Trotsenko; M-in sat down. households of the Russian Federation, FGOU VPO OmGAU. - Omsk: Publishing house of FGOU VPO OmGAU, p. 2. Gucelyuk N.A., Zotov V.A. Mechanization of works in urban green building Gutseluk N.A., Zotov V.A., / M .: Stroyizdat, p. 3. Efimtsev Yu.A., Shatalov V.G. Mechanization of forestry works / Efimtsev Yu.A., Shatalov V.G. - M .: Lesn. prom-st, p. 4. Rates of consumption of fuels and lubricants for mechanized work performed in forestry. M., p. 5. Vinokurov V.N. Machines and mechanisms of forestry and garden-park construction: textbook. for universities / V.N. Vinokurov, G.V. Silaev, A.A. Zolotarevsky; ed. V.N. Vinokurov. M .: Academy, p. 6. Theodoronsky V.S. Gardening and park economy with the basics of mechanization of work / V.S. Teodoronsky, A.A. Zolotarevsky M .: Phoenix, p. 17

18 Contents INTRODUCTION CONTENTS OF BASIC TOPICS QUESTIONS FOR SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS TO THE EXAMINATION OF THE TOPIC OF THE CONTROL WORK TESTS DICTIONARY OF TERMS BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST. 17 18

19 Compiled by Alexander Alexandrovich Vasiliev Machines and mechanisms in landscape construction METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE Editor T. K. Korobova Computer typesetting Signed for printing 2015 Format 60 x 84 Volume of academic-ed. l., conv. print l. Circulation of copies Ed. 53. Order Printed at the Publishing House of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, ul. Dobrolyubova,! 60, kaab Tel./fax (383)

1. Contents of the program Section 1 INTRODUCTION History of the development of the theory and designs of technological machines and equipment. Section 2 EQUIPMENT FOR BASIC TILLAGE Classification and design of plows. Kinds

Theoretical part The theory of mechanisms and machines (TMM) is a science that studies the structure, kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms and machines in connection with their analysis and synthesis. Such artificial devices are called machines,

Aleksandrov V.A., Kozmin S.F., Shol N.R., Aleksandrov A.V. Mechanization of forestry and garden-park construction: Textbook. 1st ed. Approved by UMO as a textbook for professional students

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disciplines

« Machines and mechanisms in gardening and landscape construction»

for specialty250203 "Garden and park and

landscape construction "

Developed by:

Mikhailenko N.A.

Krasnodar2010

	Introduction
	Machines and mechanisms for mechanization of tillage and plant care
	Machines and mechanisms for mechanization of sowing and planting operations.
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of fertilizer application.
	Machines and mechanisms for mechanization of irrigation
	Machines and mechanisms for mowing lawns and mowing grass
	Machines and mechanisms for the formation and pruning of tree and shrub crowns
	Mini-equipment for mechanization of backyard farming
	Topic 8. Machines for preparatory excavation and soil preparation
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of work to combat pests and diseases

Introduction

Lecture plan

Means of mechanization of work in the garden and park economy

Tractors and power tools

Means of mechanization of work in the garden and park economy

In order to intensify the work on the creation and maintenance of garden and park objects in the garden and park economy, a number of machines and mechanisms are used that significantly increase labor productivity and reduce the labor intensity of production processes. To date, the park of machines and mechanisms is constantly increasing and improving in the direction of the specialization of gardening. Small-sized equipment is increasingly used in gardening, along with machines used in road construction and agriculture. Machines are widely used for the preparation of areas for landscaping and maintenance of objects. Bulldozers, motor graders, and excavators are used for earthworks. Machines for transplanting large trees, machines for sowing lawn seeds, applying fertilizers, and watering plantations have been introduced into the work.

Means of mechanization are applicable for performing labor-intensive basic work. The final "finishing" and design of the landscape gardening objects is carried out by skilled workers using manual mechanisms.

Tractors and power tools

Tractors are the main basic machines used in the creation of garden and park objects. With tractors, interchangeable mechanisms, machines and implements are aggregated (hinged or attached) to perform all types of gardening work.

When creating garden and park objects, the following are used:

Wheeled tractors of medium and low power;

Caterpillar tractors used as road-building machines when creating new objects, as well as in tree-ornamental nurseries, ornamental gardening state farms.

With the maintenance of green spaces on objects of small size, complex configuration, especially in residential buildings, there is a variety and specificity of the technological operations performed. This leads to special requirements for the selection of machines. In difficult urban environments, it is possible to use mainly small-sized machines and power tools.

These tools include small tractors (Fig. 8.1), walk-behind tractors (Fig. 8.2), power units, motor equipment (motor-cultivators, motor-driven rippers, motor-cutters, motor-mowers, etc.).

Figure: 8.1. General view of a small tractor: 1- engine; 2- clutch;

3 - gear box; 4 - gear shift handle; 5 - reverse lever;

6 - steering control;7- seat; 8 - connecting shaft; nine- main gear

Rear axle; 10 - differential; 11- power take-off shaft; 12- rear wheel drive shift lever; 13 - rear wheel; 14 - final transfer; fifteen- front wheel

Figure: 8.2. General view of the walk-behind tractor: 1- control handle; 2- clutch control lever;

3 - throttle lever; 4- reverse lever; five- gear shift lever; 6, - steering rod;

7-vom-a switching lever; 8 - gas tank; 9 - air filter; ten- engine;

11 - wheels; 12 - coupling vom-a; 13- rack; fourteen-trailer

Depending on the mass and power of the engine, small tractors and walk-behind tractors are divided into three types: light, medium, heavy.By the design of the undercarriage, small-sized tractors are divided into: wheeled, forest-trackedand caterpillar.A variety of these tractors can be considered self-propelled carts (microchassis). Motoblocks and motoblocks have a uniaxial wheel propeller and are used for soil cultivation, grass mowing and other works.

Most small tractors have a traditional layout similar to “large” tractors, with large rear drive wheels and smaller front (drive and non-drive) wheels, and an articulated design with all drive wheels the same size. A distinctive feature of the layout diagrams of walk-behind tractors and motor-tools is the location of the engine.

The following schemes are distinguished:

The engine is mounted on a console. The engine crankshaft is coaxial to the transmission drive shaft and perpendicular to the drive wheel axis. It is rigidly connected to the transmission and is a single unit. The engine is moved forward or backward in relation to the running wheels - European layout scheme;

The engine is mounted on a special bracket. It is connected with the transmission by a V-belt transmission, which simultaneously acts as a clutch - Japanese layout;

The engine is an easily removable power module. The crankshaft is vertical. The module connects with various technology modules - traction, mowing, pumpingand etc.

Table 8.1 shows the type of small tractors and motoblocks.

PROBLEMS OF MECHANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE URBAN GARDEN AND PARK SECTOR

A. A. 30L0TAREVSKII, Associate Professor of the Department of Mechanization of MGUL, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

Despite some financial difficulties, urban housing construction, although not at the same rate, continues to grow. In this regard, the issues of environmental protection and the creation of favorable conditions for the life and recreation of the urban population are still relevant. One of the important measures to improve the environment is the improvement and planting of greenery in populated areas.

Green spaces are an integral part of the improvement of cities and towns. They play an important role in the architectural design of cities, in the sanitary and hygienic improvement and improvement of the living conditions of the urban population.

Plantations purify the air of the city, trapping up to 80% of dust and up to 50% of harmful gases in the atmosphere. In the summer heat, the air temperature among the plantings is 4-8 ° C lower than the temperature in open places. Trees and bushes increase the relative humidity by 15-30%, reduce the noise of the city by 15-25% and have a beneficial effect on disinfection and ionization of the air.

Parks, gardens, boulevards and squares largely determine the planning structure of the city and are an indispensable element of its cultural landscape.

However, urban conditions are not always conducive to the development of green spaces. The soils are often littered with construction or household waste, compacted and polluted with gases and solid particles. This puts forward a number of specific requirements for the agricultural technology of growing plants and the means of mechanization used to equip it.

The use of machines increases not only labor productivity, but also the quality

work, agrobiological and decorative effect of technological operations.

Work in urban greening can be divided into three main groups: growing planting material and flowers, creating new green areas (planting), caring for urban green spaces.

For the mechanization of these works, technical means are used, specially created for landscaping, as well as borrowed from other sectors of the national economy, mainly from agriculture and forestry.

Technological operations related to the work of the first two groups are sufficiently fully equipped with machines produced by the domestic industry for the needs of construction, agriculture and forestry. So, using bulldozers, they prepare plots for planting trees, shrubs and lawns; agricultural mounted plows and cultivators are widely used in ornamental plant nurseries for soil cultivation and weed control; bucket excavators are used to dig holes for planting trees, and trench excavators are used for planting hedges, etc.

However, the maintenance of urban green spaces is mostly difficult to mechanize with construction, agricultural or forestry machines, which is explained by the specifics of the conditions in which these machines must be operated: the size of the cultivated areas is small; the density of the soil fluctuates within wide limits - for example, the density of paths and areas formed by the movement of pedestrians in places not provided for by the project is 5-7 times higher than the density of the rest of the lawn; soil is clogged

various kinds of solid objects, etc. Therefore, special requirements are imposed on them: small dimensions that allow

fit into the boundaries of the cultivated areas; high maneuverability and preservation of performance when maneuvering; the ability to cultivate soils of various density and contamination with solid objects; ease of control of machines in operation.

In addition, the machines must operate with minimal energy consumption, since the tightness of the operational areas of urban greening farms does not allow the use of large base chassis and powerful engines.

Improvement of mechanized work on the construction of green areas is carried out through the use of qualitatively new types of planting materials, allowing either to obtain the necessary sanitary and decorative effect immediately, or to significantly reduce the number of technological operations.

In the construction of lawns, in this case, a ready-made sod cover is used, which is grown in advance in specially designated places, cut into strips there and rolled into rolls. Rolls of turf are brought to the green area and unrolled. To cut the turf, either special machines equipped with a vibrating knife or knife staples attached to the tractor are used. Turf carpet can also be grown between synthetic sheeting. Then the sod roll is unrolled, the film is removed and the lawn is ready for use.

An immediate effect can be obtained by transplanting large trees with a clod of earth into previously prepared pits specially created for this purpose by machines.

Reducing the number of technological operations when creating lawns on horizontal surfaces, as well as on steep slopes, can be achieved using the so-called hydroseeding.

Reduction of the scope of work, frequency and repetition of technological operations

is achieved through the use of various plant growth inhibitors, for example, herbicides when mowing lawns and mowing shrubs.

The most time-consuming maintenance operations for urban plantings can be mechanized using the following machines:

1) high performance lawn mower;

2) a lawn mower of average performance;

3) brush lawn cleaner;

4) mounted fertilizer distributor;

5) mounted harrow;

6) stationary sprinkler installation;

7) machine for aerating lawn soil;

8) high-performance sprayer;

9) knapsack sprayer-duster with a mechanical drive of the pump-fan;

10) a mechanical tower based on a passenger tractor with a set of mechanized tools for processing the crown and trunk of trees;

11) hand-held motorized tool for loosening the soil of tree-trunk holes of tree and shrub species;

12) hydraulic drills system;

13) high-performance machine for pruning shrubs;

14) hand-held motorized tool for pruning shrubs;

15) hand-held motorized tool with a saw blade;

16) a machine with a set of mounted and trailed implements for cleaning garden paths and grounds in summer and winter;

17) vacuum machine for the care of garden tools;

18) vibratory roller.

Today in the urban green economy there is a wide variety of both domestic and foreign machines and mechanisms. Domestic, usually produced by non-specialized enterprises, are not always responsible

meet the requirements of urban green economy. Foreign machines have fairly high technological performance, but their cost is higher, and their use in our conditions is not always

appropriate. Below (see table) are the main technological requirements for the selection of machines and mechanisms for the maintenance of green spaces in urban environments.

Basic technological requirements for the selection of machines and mechanisms for keeping

green spaces

The name of the technological operation The multiplicity of the operation for the growing season Qualitative indicators of the operation Type of machine or weapon that mechanize the operation Name and size range of the main parameter

1. Pruning and mowing plants

1.1. Lawn mowing 18 Height of cut grass stand - 3-6 cm. Uneven heights of cut stems at different points of the lawn should not differ by more than 5%. The heights of the cutting planes of two adjacent stems must not differ by more than 5%. Lawnmower with a rotary blade. Lawnmower with rotary drum cutterbar Coverage 0.5 m Coverage 1.5 m

1.2 Forming pruning of trees 1 The maximum height of the formed trees is 8 m. The maximum diameter of the branches to be cut is 30 mm. Maximum cut crown radius - 2 m Manipulator based on a self-propelled chassis with a set of attachments for processing tree crowns and stems and cutting shrub hedges Height of cultivated trees - up to 8 m

1.3. Sanitary pruning of trees 1 The maximum diameter of the branch to be cut is 100 mm. The maximum diameter of the cut trunk is up to 300 mm |

1.4. Sealing of hollows and mechanical damage 1 The maximum diameter of a hollow is 20 mm. The maximum hole diameter is up to 500 mm. Maximum hole depth - up to 300 mm

1.5. Overgrowth removal 1 Maximum branch diameter - up to 10 mm

1.6. Hedge trimming 4 The number of uncut stems after processing - 0%. Maximum stem diameter - 6 mm

1.7. Pruning and thinning of single shrubs and in groups 2 The number of uncut stems after processing - 0%. Maximum stem diameter - 6 mm Manual electric brush cutter Grip - 0.8 m

Table continuation

2. Distribution of technological materials

2.1. Treatment of trees with pesticides 2 Height of treated trees is up to 25 m. The degree of spraying of liquid poison is at least 120 microns (for residential buildings); not less than 50 microns (for parks and squares) Pump-ventilated sprayer Height of treated trees up to 25 m

2.2. Treatment of shrubs with pesticides 2 Height of treated trees up to 8 m. Shrubs - up to 1.8 m. The height of the trees to be treated is over 25 m Motorized knapsack sprayer Throw range - up to 8 m

2.3. Treatment of lawns and flower beds with herbicides 2 Liquid herbicide of the required concentration should not be carried outside the cultivated area of \u200b\u200bthe lawn Herbicide spreading machine Working width 0.8 m

2.4. Watering lawns and flower beds 12 The size of the droplets is no more than 200 microns. Irregularity coefficient of irrigation - 0.9 Sprinkler short-jet installation Throw distance - 8 m.

2.5. Application of water, solutions of growth stimulators and mineral fertilizers to the zone of the root system of trees and shrubs 1 (fertilizer) 4 (watering) Maximum depth of application of liquid - 1 m. Maximum consumption of irrigation water - 60 l / tree or 30 l / bush Equipment for injection of liquid in the root volume of plants Injection depth up to 1 m

2.6. Application of dry powdery and granular mineral fertilizers to the zone of the root system of trees and shrubs 1 Depth of application of a portion of fertilizers - 0.7 m.Maximum dose of applied fertilizer 0.8 kg Equipment for application of dry mineral fertilizers to the root volume of plants Dose depth - 0, 7 m

3. Cleaning of technological surfaces

3 .1. Clearing tree and shrub areas from leaves and debris 3 Content of leaves and debris on the cleared area -0% Concentrator - leaf loader Working width up to 6 m. Loading arm up to 20 m

3.2. Collection of leaves, debris and cut grass from the surface of lawns 12 The content of leaves on the cleaned surface is 0%. The content of the cut green mass remaining after the passage of the machine is up to 10% Leaf-picking machine Working width -1.3 m

3.3. Moving the snow mass from the surface of the paths to the shoulder 15 The surface must be completely cleared of fresh snow Mounted snow plow and brush Working width -1.4 m

3.4. Throwing snow mass from paths to the side of the road 10 Range of throwing fresh snow 2-8 m Attached milling rotor equipment Coverage -1.4 m

End of the table

3.5. Washing the crowns of trees and shrubs 3 From the surface of the leaves, the layer of dust must be completely removed. The remaining inclusions of dust particles in the pores of the leaves should be moistened

4. Tillage and g eunt

4.1. Loosening of near-trunk areas of trees and bushes. Loosening the soil of flower beds 3 Maximum loosening depth - 50 mm. The maximum diameter of soil clods is 6 mm. The degree of mixing of soil layers - 85% Small-sized soil milling cutter Working width -0.4-0.8 m

4.2. Lawn soil aeration 2 Laying depth up to cm. Perforation intensity - up to 100 punctures / m2. Puncture diameter - up to 14 mm Mounted soil aerator Working width -1.4 m.Weight - up to 500 kg

4.3. Trimming lawn edges 3 Thickness of the cut soil layer up to 500 mm. Deviation from a straight line when trimming -20 mm per 1 m path Machine for trimming the edges of the lawn Working width-up to 100 mm

4.4. Compaction of unpaved garden paths and areas 1 The degree of compaction after the 2nd pass is 250%. Uneven compaction -5% Vibratory roller Working width -1.2 m

All cultivation machines can be divided into two categories based on the drive method:

1) machines, the working bodies of which are attached to the base chassis, for example, a light compact tractor;

2) machines, the engine of which is attached to a set of working equipment.

This classification allows to unify the drive of the machine, which reduces the cost of work and improves the performance of the machines.

Machines belonging to the first category, as a rule, serve the plantings growing along the landscaped paths or the paths themselves.

Machines included in the second category of work are used in places where machines of the first category cannot work - on the surface of lawns, in cramped conditions, during selective processing of landscaping objects, etc.

The issues of complex mechanization of technological processes of landscaping works have received their practical development

only in the seventies and are the subject of further development.

Improving the design of machines for urban landscaping and the processes of their application is carried out in the direction of:

The use of new progressive designs that significantly reduce the total weight of the machine. For example, the use of an air cushion as support for lawn mowers can reduce the weight of the machine by 3-16 times, depending on its width;

Reducing the noise level of running machines by using small-sized four-stroke internal combustion engines, electric and inertial engines;

Automation of labor-intensive technological processes. At present, automated systems for irrigating lawns and trees and shrubs are being developed. There is information about patented designs for automated lawnmowers that use position sensors to fix the boundary between mowed and unmown grass.