September 15, 1801
On the day of the coronation of Alexander I, an Imperial Decree is issued "On the abolition of torture".

In honor of the new Emperor, a bronze medal is issued with the image of the monarch on the front side and the inscription "The law is the guarantee of bliss for everyone and everyone" on the reverse.

June 24, 1801
The first meeting of the secret committee, which includes friends of the youth of Alexander I: Count P.A. Stroganov, Count V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, Prince A.A. Czartorizhsky. These were educated representatives of the noble youth, who became prominent statesmen of the era.

The scope of the Committee's tasks includes: "first of all, to find out the actual state of affairs; then to reform the various parts of the administration and, finally, to provide state institutions with a constitution based on the true spirit of the Russian people."

September 8, 1802
Approved Manifesto of Alexander I "On the establishment of ministries".

To manage state affairs, a single Ministry is created, divided into 8 departments: military, naval, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce and public education. The head of each department is called the Minister, and the departments themselves, once established, are formally called Ministries. All ministries, together with the Committee of Ministers, existed until 1917 (except for the Ministry of Commerce, which was abolished in 1810).

appointed as the First Minister of the Interior Count Kochubey Viktor Pavlovich . Comrade Minister - Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov.

subordinate to the Minister of the Interior:

• Manufactory board (except for the expedition for the preparation and storage of bills of exchange and stamped paper),
• medical board,
• Main salt office,
• main post office,
• Expedition of the state economy, guardianship of foreign and rural households, except for the business of the chamber table and the printing of bills,
• Provincial boards and orders of public charity, state chambers, on the arrangement and maintenance of public buildings and on population calculation.

The jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire includes local administrative and police institutions, class bodies of the nobility and urban estates.

September 19, 1802
Count Kochubey, in a personal circular, demands that the governors report data to the Ministry "for a complete and fundamental knowledge of the situation in each province at the present time, and then continue to constantly notify about changes in the situation of one or another branch of government."

Provincial reports include information "on the movement of the population, on taxes and duties, on harvests, on food stores, on factory and industrial enterprises, on the state economy, on public buildings, on violations of public peace," etc.

1803
published Decree "On the means of correcting the police in cities", which became along with "Charter of deanery" the main normative act that determined the structure, functions, and competence of urban police institutions.

According to the Highest Decree in St. Petersburg, a first full-time professional fire brigade. The team is completed "of soldiers incapable of military service, but of good and sober behavior, ... who, in turn, would send both the post of guards and firefighters." The population of the capital is exempted from the allocation of night watchmen, maintenance of firefighters, maintenance of street lamps.

The staff of the St. Petersburg fire brigade includes: fire major; firemen (11 people - according to the number of fire departments); assistant firemen of non-commissioned officer rank (11); firefighters (528); pump master; locksmith; blacksmiths (2); chimney sweeper; chimney sweeps (24); coachman (137).

From 1803 to 1827, Colonel Domrachev was appointed as the St. Petersburg Brand-Major.

January 7, 1803
The staff (45 people) of the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was approved, which received the name Department of the Interior, originally consisting of four expeditions, which included:

• National food and salt part - First expedition.
• Tranquility and deanery - The second expedition.
• Improvement of agriculture, state factories and plants, mining, road conditions - Third Expedition.
• Orders of public charity, hospitals, charitable institutions, prisons - The fourth expedition.
• Under the Department, a Society of Nobles is established "to compile the history of each part of the administration, systematize information about each province in order to compile general statistics of the state, conduct investigations on the ground, help Expeditions, and carry out special assignments of the Minister".

1804
Number one comes out "St. Petersburg Journal", the official periodical printed organ of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (until 1809). V.P. is directly involved in its publication. Kochubey, M.M. Speransky and Alexander I himself.

The journal consisted of two sections. The first section published imperial decrees, the most important government acts, and also, for the first time for the general public, reports of the Minister of the Interior on the situation in the Empire and the activities of the department entrusted to him. The second section contained materials on foreign government bodies, scientific articles related to the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

New police states have been approved and are beginning to be introduced, first in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and later in other provincial and district cities. The Metropolitan Police is divided into internal and external:

The inner part is made up of deanery councils, private bailiffs, quarterly supervisors who carried out orders from city authorities and judicial places, conducting investigations, controlling the activities of trading establishments and observing the passport regime;

The outer part consists of police and fire brigades, night watch, i.e. units carrying out regular patrol duty.

Responsibility for maintaining public order rests with police chiefs and fire chiefs.

Following St. Petersburg, Moscow is creating its own professional fire brigade, distributed over city parts.

1806
On the initiative of Kochubey and Speransky, the Ministry is being reorganized, the meaning of which is to transfer the Postal Department to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, change the structure and functions of the Department of Internal Affairs, and introduce new lower-level structural units - tables headed by head clerks.

To the state Ministry of the Interior includes:

• Minister and his comrades,
• Society of nobles under the Minister and 5 secretaries,
• Internal affairs department,
• Medical advice,
• Main post office with a separate office.

internal affairs department are:

• Expedition of the State Economy (87 employees) with the Manufactory College and the Main Salt Office;
• State Improvement Expedition (25 employees), consisting of two departments,
• Expedition of the state medical council, which in turn was divided into two departments. The first department was entrusted with the control over the activities of all medical officials of the state, including the issues of certification and appointment. The second department was engaged in financial and economic activities. In addition, the printing house of the managed Medical College was subordinate to her.
• Construction Committee (4 employees)

Functions First Branch of the State Improvement Expedition:

• collection of information about all incidents, crimes, about persons arriving from abroad and leaving the country,
• control "for the deanery" of public spectacles and meetings - the first table;
• supervision of the condition of roads and observance of order on them,
• "establishment" of the staffs of city police teams, night and fire guards, prison officers,
• control over the delivery of convicts to places of punishment,
• organization of recruitment to the army - the second table;
• appointment, rewarding, dismissal of local police officials - the third table.

Second branch mainly deals with complaints against the police.

Expedition of public charity with the State Medical Administration (55 employees).

In the Moscow district, for the first time in the practice of organizing local police bodies, the city and zemstvo police were united. But the new structure until the 60s of the XIX century. not received further distribution.

November 1807
Prince appointed to the post of Minister of the Interior Kurakin Alexey Borisovich .

1809
The Directorate of water and land communications was created - the body of the central control of communications. The territory of the state is divided into ten districts with the corresponding directors in charge of traffic police.

Created in Moscow and St. Petersburg address offices which became the Metropolitan Police Department.

All those who came to the capitals for permanent residence in order to work for hire were obliged to register in the office of addresses, which was monitored by private bailiffs, quarterly supervisors. A similar rule applied to foreigners "who temporarily live in the capital or permanently, but are not assigned to any state."

fire protection included in the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

November 3, 1809
The first issue comes out Severnaya poshta or new St. Petersburg newspaper", the printed edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which replaced the "St. Petersburg Journal".

The newspaper was published twice a week and existed until 1819.

1810 – 1815

1810
The Manifesto "On the division of state affairs into special departments, with the designation of objects belonging to that department" was published.

The rank of Police Chief General was restored under the name of the Minister of Police "for general consideration and the main department of all subjects belonging to the state police."

January 1, 1810
Published Manifesto "On the Formation of the State Council", the highest legislative body. M.M. was appointed head of the office of this body in the rank of state secretary. Speransky. The Council is divided into six departments: Laws, Military Affairs, Civil Affairs, Spiritual Affairs, State Economy, Kingdom of Poland. The Chairman of the Council is the Emperor and "no Law, Statute or Establishment proceeds from the Council without the approval of the Supreme Power."

March 1810
Kozodavlev Osip Petrovich .

July 25, 1810
made public new distribution of state affairs between ministries, where the main responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior is the care of agriculture and industry. The state accomplishment and the medical part depart to the newly established Ministry of Police.

The building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in St. Petersburg

January 16, 17, 1811
After the report of the chief of the military ground forces, Barclay de Tolly, an Imperial decree was issued on the reassignment of provincial companies and district teams to the Ministry of War and a decree on the formation of new army regiments based on garrison battalions.

From the garrison battalions (4-re companies), 3 companies are allocated, equipped with the strongest soldiers, from which infantry battalions are formed (13 army regiments in total). The remaining companies are combined with the provincial companies into an internal service semi-battalion, subordinate to the military department.

March 27, 1811
Published Imperial Decree on the reorganization of disabled companies and teams.

All invalids of these units are divided into three categories: mobile, employees and incapable. The "incapable" are on state support, receive a salary and "are in the department of the commander of the garrison battalion according to the rules of 1764." The third companies of the provincial semi-battalions and separate companies for servicing army hospitals are formed from disabled people capable of service.

July 3, 1811
Approved and published "Regulations on the internal guard", which defines the final composition and functions of the internal guard, the order of its subordination to the military department and local provincial authorities.

According to the Schedule, the internal guard of the Russian Empire is divided into 8 districts headed by district generals. The district covers from four to eight provinces and 2-4 brigades are deployed in it (a total of 20 brigades).

The tasks of the internal guard include:

• assistance in the execution of laws and court sentences;
• the capture of thieves, the pursuit and extermination of robbers, and the scattering of crowds prohibited by law; pacification of disobedience and violence;
• capture of runaway criminals and deserters;
• pursuit of prohibited and smuggled goods;
• aiding the free movement of domestic food;
• facilitating the collection of taxes and arrears; protection of order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerable by law;
• maintaining order at fairs and auctions, folk and church festivals, etc.;
• acceptance and escort of recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners; sending the military who overstayed their vacations to their teams;
• help in case of fires and flooding of rivers; the dispatch of the necessary sentries to government offices, prisons and prisons; escort of the treasury.

July 7, 1811
Position established Inspector of the Inner Guard(aka Assistant Secretary of War), to which is appointed Count E.F. Komarovsky .

July 25, 1811
Published Manifesto "General Establishment of Ministries", which more clearly defines the structure and limits of the power of central government bodies.

According to the Manifesto, all ministries consist of departments (departments), departments are divided into departments (expeditions), departments - into tables. The unity of command and personal responsibility of ministers is being strengthened. A new advisory body, the Council of Ministers, was introduced into the ministries, consisting of the highest officials of the ministry and third-party "knowledgeable" people: manufacturers, breeders, merchants, etc. Matters of particular importance cannot be decided without prior consideration by the Council.

According to the Manifesto, a new Ministry of Police, consisting of three departments, the Medical Council, the General and Special Chancellery.

The first one is the Department of the Economic Police (2 departments, 24 employees) is engaged in:

• food issues;
• orders of public charity.

The second - the Executive Police Department (3 departments, 32 employees) deals with:

• drawing up police states, appointing, dismissing, rewarding police personnel, considering provincial reports, keeping statistics;
• judicial and criminal cases, the organization of prisons and their guards, the transfer of convicts, the capture of fugitives and those without passports, the suppression of vagrancy, forbidden games, large debtors, bankruptcy cases, schismatics, supervision of the actions of the police in the capture of criminals, complaints about the actions or inaction of the police, etc.
• deeds for the "dispatch" of zemstvo duties, relations with military units.

The third department - Medical (3 departments, 32 employees) deals with:

• the device of medical management and general issues of public health;
• procurement of pharmaceutical materials and state pharmacies;
• account of amounts and audit of pharmaceutical materials.

The Medical Council is engaged in supplying the military department with medical supplies, gives opinions on cases of forensic medicine, introduces advanced methods of combating diseases, etc.

The special office of the Minister of Police consists of three Desks, an executor, the head of the archive and his assistant. Table items are:

• affairs on the office of foreigners and foreign passports: records of those passing through the border, issuance of passports for entry and exit from the state, types of foreigners, requests for citizenship and everything else related to foreigners and foreign relations.
• censorship revision: supervision of booksellers and printing houses, monitoring “that books, magazines, small works and leaflets are not circulated without permission established by the government”, information “about permissions given for stamping new works and translations”, about books imported from abroad, permission for new theatrical performances, supervision over the publication and circulation of various public news (posters), etc.
• special cases, which the Minister of Police considers it necessary to provide his own information and permission.

At both offices there is "a certain number of officials who, without having specific positions, are used at the minister's own choice for various local departments; to check local investigations and the like. These officials may, according to their abilities, preferably be assigned to one or another part of the police service, for opening vacancies."

A special office under the Minister of Police, originally created to conduct secret office work, actually performed the functions of a political police. By 1819, the Head of the Special Chancellery, who made personal reports to the Emperor, became practically independent of his Minister.

Simultaneously with the Manifesto published "Establishment and order to the Minister of Police", which states that, acting in emergency circumstances, the Minister of Police, bypassing the Minister of War, may take command of the necessary military units; has the right to demand information from all local authorities, bypassing the relevant ministries; The Ministry of Police is vested with the right to "supervise the execution of laws" in all ministries; The Ministry of Finance is obliged to acquaint the Ministry of Police with the "use of amounts allocated to local authorities", etc.

Appointed Minister of Police Balashov Alexander Dmitrievich.

After the reorganization, a new structure and functions of the Ministry of the Interior was approved, which, until 1819, was losing its paramount importance in state administration in the law enforcement sphere.

In the Ministry of Internal Affairs remain:

• Office of the Minister with the editorial office of the newspaper "Northern Post" and the Temporary Commission for the "Affairs of the Royal Georgian House" (46 employees),
• Department of State Economy and Public Buildings with Construction Committee and Drawing Office (61 employees),
• Department of manufactures and internal trade (33 employees),
• Postal Department (50 employees),
• Council of the Minister.

1812
By the Highest command in St. Petersburg is created Fire station"for making fire-fighting tools".

"For the successful dissemination of art in the preparation of such useful and necessary for general security tools, the Highest ordered that from each province was sent to St. Petersburg, to teach this art, three people from capable, and if possible, already having some skill in this craft, such as locksmiths, blacksmiths, etc. so that these people, as they acquire the necessary knowledge, return to their provinces and bring benefits to them, both by preparing fire tools and by teaching others this art.

March 1812
In view of the secondment of A.D. Balashov to the Western Army to carry out special assignments of the Emperor, the Acting Minister of Police (and in fact the Minister until 1819) is appointed Count Vyazmitinov Sergey Kozmich - the first Minister of War (until 1808), St. Petersburg Governor-General. According to contemporaries: - "how many useless victims of suspicion would have fallen in St. Petersburg (during the war), if not for the experience and philanthropy of S.K. Vyazmitinov."

June 12, 1812
French troops cross the Neman and invade Russia. Begins Patriotic War 1812.

The police in the war zone are reassigned to the army command.

June 10, 1815
Commander-in-Chief Barclay de Tolly ordered to elect in each cavalry regiment one trustworthy officer and 5 privates, "to whom to entrust the supervision of order on the march, at bivouacs and cantonier apartments, the removal of the wounded during the battle to dressing stations, the capture of marauders, etc." These ranks became known as gendarmes(army police) and obeyed the corps commanders.

August 27, 1815
Separate gendarmerie teams are abolished, and the Borisoglebsky dragoon regiment, which had previously carried out police service in the troops, is called gendarmerie. At the same time, it was ordered "to complete gendarmerie regiment to convert exclusively the lower ranks, agile, excellent behavior and generally capable of performing military and police service, which requires special qualities.

In the same year, a half-squadron of the Life Guards was established, which became the successor to the gendarme regiment, established in Gatchina by Paul I.

1816 – 1825

March 30, 1816
By the highest decree, all internal guards of the Empire are officially named Separate corps of internal guards.

April 4, 1816
The commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard is appointed E.F. Komarovsky.

May 5, 1816
A decree is issued on the replacement of the posts of police chiefs by retired wounded staff and chief officers.

1817
Introduced staging system for escorting prisoners. The duties of escorting are assigned to the Siberian units of the internal guard, freeing the Cossacks, Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks from these functions. Stage teams consist of 28 people with a chief officer at the head and are located along the tract through one station.

The recruitment of stage teams is carried out from trustworthy people, "invisible in the military service, but by no means completely maimed, or for some reason unable to carry a gun," young soldiers are allowed to be enrolled only after two years of service.

February 1, 1817

City guard, St. Petersburg

Approved regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard", developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers.

The gendarme guards include metropolitan divisions (with a staff of 334 people) and gendarme teams (31 people) in 56 cities. The metropolitan gendarmerie divisions are subordinate to the chief police officers of the capitals, and the provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of local garrison battalions.

Later, a third, Warsaw division was established.

The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guards, with the exception of collecting taxes and guarding government offices and prisons.

August 1819
Prince appointed Minister of the Interior Golitsyn Alexander Nikolaevich .

November 4, 1819
Imperial Decree Issued "About joining the Ministry of Police to the Ministry of Internal Affairs".

After the death of Vyazmitinov, there was no new appointment to the post of Minister of Police. V.P. Kochubey , who again became the Minister of Internal Affairs, substantiated the need to return the functions of police management to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Simultaneously with the addition of the Police Departments, the Department of Manufactories and Trade, and then the Postal Department, are removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

July 22, 1822.
Imperial Decree issued "About the Exiles" And Charter on the stages in the Siberian provinces, developed by M.M. Speransky, appointed in 1819 as the Governor-General of Siberia.

The charter sets out in detail the procedure for sending and escorting parties of prisoners, the rules for moving along the stage, the time spent on the road and the rest time, the rules for maintaining documentation, etc. In each party, the convicts are separated from the exiles. Branding is practiced (later shaving half of the head), shackling and chaining, chaining several people to an iron rod.

July–August 1823
Baron appointed minister of the interior Kampenghausen Baltazar Baltazarovich .

August 1823
Appointed Minister of the Interior Lanskoy Vasily Stepanovich .

1824
After the "outrage" of the soldiers and non-commissioned officers of the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment, a secret police was created at the headquarters of the Guards Corps.

December 14, 1825
On the day of the accession to the throne of Nicholas I in St. Petersburg, a group of officers and soldiers perform on Senate Square, which later became known as Decembrist revolt. The uprising is brutally crushed, but an investigation into the conspiracy uncovers a wide network of revolutionary noble communities throughout Russia. The main ones include the Union of Salvation or the Society of True Faithful Sons of the Fatherland (formed in 1816), the Union of Welfare (1818), the Southern and Northern Society (1821 and 1822 respectively), the Society of United Slavs (1823).

The main tasks of these societies were the overthrow or restriction of the monarchy, the abolition of serfdom, the transformation of Russia into a federal state. Some ideas of the Decembrists, in particular, the organization of the local police, were later used in the development of Russian bills.

1826 – 1832

Chief of gendarmes since 1826

The position was established by the highest order chief of the gendarmes to which is assigned Benkendorf Alexander Khristoforovich . All gendarmerie units of the internal guard corps are subordinate to him. The gendarmerie regiment under the troops of Benckendorff only inspects.

July 3, 1826
The Imperial Decree "On the accession of the Special Office of the Minister of the Interior to His Majesty's Own Office" was issued. The 3rd branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery is being created.

III Division of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery consists of four expeditions (16 employees), in charge of:

• Affairs of the "higher police" and persons under police supervision.
• Sects and schisms, counterfeiting and forgery of documents, as well as places of detention of state criminals.
• Supervision of foreigners living in Russia.
• Correspondence about all the incidents in the state.
• In 1842, the Fifth Expedition was formed - for theatrical censorship.

Alexander Khristoforovich, chief of gendarmes, was appointed chief of the 3rd department.

The Decree does not explicitly state that control over the activities of the administrative and police apparatus is entrusted to the gendarmerie, but this is repeatedly mentioned in secret instructions to gendarmerie officers.

1827
To suppress vagrancy, correctional convict companies of the civil department are created.

April 1828
Appointed Minister of the Interior Zakrevsky Arseniy Andreevich.

September 29, 1828
The commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard is the General of Infantry, Tobolsk and Tomsk Governor-General, Kaptsevich Pyotr Mikhailovich.

Over the twelve years of leadership of the Corps, Kaptsevich managed to significantly raise the quality level of the personnel of the internal guard, mainly due to young recruits who were enrolled in garrison battalions.

1829
Zakrevsky A.A. publishes Decree on the distribution of affairs of the Ministry into three groups: "brought directly to the Sovereign", presented to the Committee of Ministers, resolved directly by the Minister. In addition, a number of decrees are issued that determine the nature of cases coming from the provincial administration to the office of the Minister. The general tendency of these acts was "to limit the competence of the provincial authorities to minor matters," as a result of the distrust of the central government in local government.

The "Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" - the official press organ of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - begins to be published.

1832
The entire construction part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (except for the construction of monuments) is transferred to the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Railways.

The Main Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions was attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Accepted Fire charter, which regulated the service in fire brigades, the main provisions of which were published earlier, and a number of articles contradicted each other.

Accepted " Regulations on pensions all officials under the department of the Ministry of the Interior.

Government publishes order to divide criminals into 3 categories(important, unimportant and vagrants), ordering to keep each category in a separate room. It was forbidden to keep women in the same "category" with men, and minors and minors - with adults.

February 1832
Bludov Dmitry Nikolaevich .

1833 – 1838

1833
In order to reduce the correspondence Bludov D.N. replaced "special circulars for each order with one general printed one", which gave tangible results. In 1827, the Ministry of Internal Affairs handled 35,000 cases, and in 1833, 17,000.

1834
Established under the Council of Ministers statistical department, and statistical committees were opened in the provinces, the importance of which was pointed out by V.P. Kochubey in 1803

December 20, 1834
Approved new states for the Department of the Interior:

• Office of the Minister (51 employees),
• Statistics Department (9),
• Executive Police Department (42),
• Department of Spiritual Affairs (25),
• Economic Department (48),
• Medical Department (44),
• officials on special assignments (20).

The main structural subdivision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is the Police Department, whose functions include consideration of organizational issues of the local police and control over its activities, especially the spending of funds. The number of officials on special assignments, who spend a significant part of their time on control and inspection missions, is increasing.

1835
Compiled new project a staged system of transferring prisoners to Siberia "along the route from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod".

1836
Created Special Corps of Gendarmes, subordinate to the Chief of the Gendarmes, at the same time the head of the III department of His Own Imperial Majesty's Chancellery. Gendarmerie units are withdrawn from the Separate Corps of Internal Guards.

By position, the Gendarme Corps is divided into seven Districts, of which 6 are deployed in Russia and one in the Kingdom of Poland. The Districts include: provincial gendarmerie headquarters officers, gendarmerie divisions, gendarmerie teams of provincial, port and other cities. The directorates of the Gendarme Corps are subdivided: into the Main, District and Provincial.

"Gendarmerie divisions in the Capitals, provincial, fortress and port teams, are used:

• To enforce the laws and sentences of the court, if necessary.
• To catch thieves, fugitives, taverns, pursue pedlars and disperse crowds prohibited by law.
• To pacify rampage and restore broken obedience.
• To pursue and capture people with prohibited and smuggled goods.
• To escort unusual criminals and prisoners.
• To maintain order at fairs, markets, church and folk festivals, guilds, all kinds of bagel congresses, fires, military parades, divorces, etc.

Gendarmerie divisions and teams are also appointed for night patrols in cases where there is no other cavalry, and with such a calculation among the ranks that this outfit is not burdensome for the divisions and teams.

The gendarmes assigned to the outfit are directly under the supervision of the Chief Police Chiefs, police chiefs and mayors.

Each gendarme who caught a fugitive, a tramp, or a person who does not have a passport, receives 10 rubles as a reward for this. banknotes to the account of the bailiff."

Reformed Medical Department. According to the new position, it is headed by the Director (he is also the General Staff Doctor for Civil Affairs) and consists of two departments and a secretarial table under the Director. The first department handles all cases "regarding the medical personnel of the Empire", the second - the cases of the medical police and forensic medicine.

The Department of State Medical Procurement is being established, which is entrusted with the procurement, storage, distribution of medicines and medical benefits for the army, navy and "some state-owned places of the civil department."

The staff of the Medical Council consists of the Chairman, three full and "indefinite number" honorary members (mainly professors and academics).

The printing house, inherited from the Medical College and was attached to the Medical Department, becomes subordinate to the Director of the Office of the Minister.

1837

Junior Police Officer

In almost the entire Empire, the office of governor-general is abolished. According to the Imperial Decree, the highest local official becomes Governor, who is "... the main representative of the supreme power in the province, and therefore has supervision over all provincial institutions, ... the chief police chief, the guardian of justice and public interest, who is obliged to oversee the administration of duties, the collection of taxes, etc."

Nikolai Ivanovich Gartung took command of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, who continued the attempts of his predecessors to improve the quality of the Corps, military training, and improve the material support of officers and soldiers. Under Hartung, the internal guard becomes a truly effective reserve for replenishing field troops.

A decision was made to staff fire brigades with people who had served their sentences, which often led to robberies and looting when extinguishing fires.

June 1, 1837
Simultaneously with the beginning of the reforms "in the state villages" regulation "On the Zemstvo Police", which, by defining new states and functions of the rural police, marked the beginning of the reorganization of these bodies. The regulation and further resolutions more specifically defined the rights, duties and responsibilities of zemstvo police officers, established new, simplified forms of office work.

According to the new regulation, the police seat in the county is the zemstvo court, chaired by the zemstvo police officer, consisting of assessors "from among the nobility and villagers." The police officer and the senior assessor are elected by the nobles, the village assessors are elected by the peasants, and the rest are elected by the provincial governments.

In order to "observe silence and order" new assessors were added to the staff of the zemstvo court, who are in charge of county sections or camps, and are called bailiffs. Bailiffs are appointed by the governor from among the candidates presented by the county noble assembly, and are obliged to live on their site, for which they are allocated funds for the purchase of housing. Subordinate to the bailiffs are sot and ten, selected from 100-200 and 10-20 peasant households, respectively, which must be weekly (with the exception of emergencies) to appear at the apartment of the bailiff with a report on all incidents in their villages.

“By granting the provincial authorities the right to determine bailiffs, the Government had in mind to make these officials closely dependent on the highest police authority (governor), at whose disposal they are, and which is responsible for their choice; ... on the other hand, the indication added to this that the choice should be directed mainly to the nobles who have real estate in the province, aims to open the shortest way to occupy these positions to people who know the position of the plots entrusted to them and, moreover, are connected with local residents by their personal benefits and skills".

1838
New approved metropolitan police regulations. St. Petersburg is divided into 13 parts and 56 quarters. Two private bailiffs are appointed at the head of each unit, one of which is responsible for administrative, operational-search activities, protection of public order, the second - controls the conduct of the inquiry and investigation. In the city administration of the capital, a new link is being created in the form of a police chief, who heads several city units, and is subordinate to the chief police chief. Every day, the police chief receives reports from private bailiffs and gives them orders. Police chiefs have at their disposal foot police teams of retired soldiers and non-commissioned officers, as well as teams of city guards.

Characteristic of the activities of the city police is the strengthening of the external guard service, for which the number of "police boxes" is increasing in many cities.

1839 – 1855

March 1839
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Stroganov Alexander Grigorievich .

September 1841
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Perovsky Lev Alekseevich .

December 11, 1841
Approved regulation on the Medical Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs where it was stated:

• to decide that the Medical Council is the highest medical-educational, medical-police and medical-judicial place in the state,
• oblige each of the members of the Council, managing a separate part, to give an account of their actions in this part,
• that no measure on a medical device be submitted for the Highest approval, without its preliminary discussion in the Medical Council, etc.

1842
A temporary department is being created under the Department of the Executive Police for "producing cases for reviewing government offices and institutions of the Ministry of the Interior."

Gendarmerie Regiment with the troops included in the Special Corps of Gendarmes.

March 1842
To conduct secret office work under the Minister of the Interior re-established Special Office. The General Office was renamed the Department of General Affairs.

Posts established vice directors of all departments(Previously, such a position existed only in the Executive Police Department). This measure is connected with the strengthening of control over the activities of local governments. Heads of departments begin to travel more frequently to the provinces of the Empire.

September 17, 1844
Prince Aleksey Fedorovich Orlov is appointed head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.

January 2, 1845
Received the highest approval of the project of Count Perovsky about division of all cases entering the provincial government into 3 categories: judgments, which the board decided collectively; administrative, which were decided by the provincial government and approved by the governor; executive, decided by the lieutenant governor and advisers. The approval of the new order in all provinces ended in 1852.

1846
Published Charter of city fire societies, according to which the composition and functions of voluntary fire brigades were determined.

The most combat-ready teams include several squads. For example, a water supply detachment ensures the delivery of water to the fire site, a pipe detachment pumps water to a burning object, a ladder detachment penetrates the upper floors and attic rooms, a clumsy detachment dismantles a burning building, a detachment of guards protects the fire site from curious and looters, etc.

Fire brigade at work, St. Petersburg

1848
A temporary department is being set up under the Executive Police Department to "monitor the course of detainees' cases."

Of the funds allocated for the construction of "public places", zemstvo fees and city revenues, about 500 thousand rubles. allocated in silver for "developing correctional prisons under the system of solitary confinement".

1850
By order of Nicholas I, the Ministry of Internal Affairs carried out first downsizing. The number of bureaucratic posts is reduced by 17 to 270 full-time employees.

1852
Supremely approved regulation "On the reduction of office work", after the introduction of which the staff of the Ministry of the Interior was reduced by 67 officials (including two vice directors).

August 1852
Appointed Minister of the Interior Bibikov Dmitry Gavrilovich

1853
A law has been issued according to which, in order to strengthen the patrol police service in cities (by analogy with the capitals), police teams from the "lower military ranks". Their number is determined at the rate of 5 police officers per 2 thousand inhabitants and 10 policemen led by a non-commissioned officer per 5 thousand inhabitants. Police teams were staffed by "lower ranks incapable of military service" and were subordinate to the chief of police.

The departments for "producing cases for reviewing government offices and institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" and "observing the course of detainees' cases" of the Executive Police Department are being merged.

March 17, 1853
Approved "Normal report card of the fire brigade in the cities". In accordance with this document, the staffing of fire brigades is determined not by the "highest resolution", but by the number of citizens.

All cities are divided into seven categories. The first includes cities with a population of up to two thousand inhabitants, the seventh - up to 30 thousand. The number of firefighters was set respectively 5 and 75 people recruited from the military department. According to the state, the provision of fire equipment and funds for its maintenance and repair was determined.

August 1855
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Lanskoy Sergey Stepanovich

1857 – 1861

1857
Are abolished military settlements, whose territory and administration since the reign of Alexander I were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War.

The office of the zemstvo district court is divided into two departments. The first deals with the issues of combating crime, protecting public order, conducting an investigation, the second controls the implementation of the instructions of the provincial administration by the rural police.

January 1957
By order of the Emperor, a Secret committee on peasant affairs"to discuss measures to organize the life of the landlord peasants." Prince A.F. was appointed chairman. Orlov (in the absence of the Emperor), members: S.S. Lanskoy (Minister of Internal Affairs), P.F. Brock (Minister of Finance), M.N. Muravyov (Minister of State Property), Count V.F. Adlerberg (Minister of the Court), etc.

February 18, 1858
The Emperor instructs the Ministries of Justice, State Property, Internal Affairs, the Special Conference (consisting mainly of governors) to develop proposals for the organization of the county police.

In order to improve the health of the internal guard, a grandiose action of resettlement of the "most discredited lower ranks" with their families begins in Eastern Siberia. For three years, about 13 thousand military personnel have moved to the Amur Territory. The number of crimes in the garrisons of the European part is sharply reduced.

March 4, 1858
Within the framework of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Statistical Committee, consisting of two departments: Statistical and Zemsky, chaired by Comrade Minister. The main work on the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861 was entrusted to the committee.

Since 1860, the Central Statistical Committee has been collecting and systematizing information about fires in Russia.

March 26, 1859
Department of State Medical Procurement from the Ministry of Internal Affairs is transferred to the War Ministry.

June 8, 1860
A decree was signed leaving the police only to conduct "initial inquiries about criminal offenses" and transferring pre-trial investigation subordinated to "general judicial places".

April 1861
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Valuev Petr Alexandrovich .

February 19, 1861
Approved Peasant Reform Manifesto.

The project for the liberation of the peasants consisted of General provisions (636 articles), Local provisions (981 articles) and additional rules (192 articles).

July 27, 1861
Zemsky department The Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which dealt with peasant affairs, was transformed into an independent part.

1862

January 1862
Minister of War V.A. Milyutin presents a report to Alexander II, which laid the foundation for military reform 1860-1870s, according to which recruitment kits are replaced by military service.

January 1, 1862
Instead of the monthly "Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs", the daily newspaper "Northern Post" is published under the editorship of Academician Nikitenko A.V.

December 25, 1862

Policeman

accepted" Provisional rules on the organization of the police in the city and districts of the provinces The county and city police are united into county police departments headed by county police officers, who are appointed by the government. The counties are still divided into camps headed by the police officer, sotsky and tenth. In cities subordinate to the county government, the police service is carried out by city and district police officers, as well as police guards.

The association does not apply to the central and largest county towns, where the city police is retained, the head of which, the police chief, is appointed by the governor. Cities are divided into parts headed by city bailiffs, assistant bailiffs and police officers.

The organization of the police in St. Petersburg has its own characteristics, dictated by the operational situation. The Metropolitan Police is headed by the chief police chief, who appoints three police chiefs to perform inspection functions and two officials for special assignments. The main executive link of the metropolitan police structure is the station headed by the bailiff. In his submission are one officer and a clerk. The site is divided into districts headed by district guards, city guards and janitors. Special instructions have been developed for city and district police officers.

§1. The policemen are the lower ranks of the Police Guard, which was established to monitor order and decorum and to protect order and decorum and to protect public safety by preventing and suppressing crimes and eliminating accidents.

§2. Policemen, by order of their immediate superiors, are appointed to serve as duty officers at mobile and permanent posts, are sent to maintain order in public gathering places and are used both in teams and separately for individual assignments in the service, such as: to search for criminals, to escort detainees, etc.

§10. The policemen on duty must be constantly in prominent places, so that anyone in need of help can find them. Therefore, they are forbidden to enter courtyards, or drinking and trading establishments, except when it is necessary to stop the disorder, or when invited to help. Retiring from the post due to illness or on the occasion of an accident for a long time, the policeman on duty must let know occasionally so that this last one intercedes.

policemen is obligated to:

• observe that rubbish, rubbish, rubble and any other uncleanness collected in houses is not thrown out into the street, but left in the yards until it is taken out by scavengers;
• require janitors to clean and sweep sidewalks, gutters and streets daily in the morning. Snow, ice and rubbish should be piled up before they are removed by scavengers.
• stop all noise, shouting, swearing, quarrels and fights in the streets, squares and public places,
• to forbid workers, janitors and common people in general to utter obscene curses and indecent jokes loudly in the streets,
• drunks who stagger or fall, and those who allow themselves to scream, make noise, scold, sing songs, detain and send to a private stationery house for sobering up. In the event of a congestion of drunkards, when it is not possible for one policeman on duty to restore order, he must call the policemen of neighboring posts with a whistle and call for help from the nearest janitors.
• through janitors and porters of good behavior to find out about the brothels of people suspicious and without passports, and report this information to your police officer.
• demand that the janitors and watchmen near the shops regularly perform the night guard, do not allow them to sit on the benches and sleep at the gate, and inspire them to pay attention to everyone entering and leaving the house to prevent theft, especially in summer when the owners of apartments move to their dachas.

§2. District guards, being in the direct jurisdiction and disposal of the District Bailiffs, receive from them all instructions and orders in words and report on their actions in the service also orally.

§3. The policemen are directly subordinate to the district guards, as their closest superiors, they receive orders from these latter, for the execution of which they are responsible as well as for disobeying the authorities.

§6. The district guards are entrusted with the immediate supervision of compliance within the district entrusted to them with the rules regarding public amenities and decorum, the duty to warn and stop violators of these rules, restore order, and the right, in case of non-fulfillment of their legal requirements, to draw up protocols about this.

§9. In carrying out an inquiry, district guards ... collect the necessary information behind the scenes, using close knowledge of the inhabitants of their district and the area, trying not to arouse any suspicion or distrust, by no means disturbing the residents with inappropriate interference in their affairs, not allowing themselves to enter apartments and disturb their peace; in no case should they arbitrarily conduct searches and seizures, unless they have a special order from the District Bailiff, who in such a case also bears responsibility for the order made.

1863 – 1869

April 30, 1863
Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs from a collegial body it was transformed into a bureau processing statistical information. The Statistical Council, composed of representatives of various ministries and departments, has been established under the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

January 1, 1864
"Regulations on zemstvo institutions"gets the force of law.

For local government in the county, a county zemstvo assembly and a county council are established, and in a province - a provincial zemstvo assembly and a provincial zemstvo council. The county assembly consists of vowels elected by the population of the county - landowners, city dwellers and electors from rural societies appointed by volost gatherings. The provincial assembly consists of vowels elected by the county assemblies. Vowels (deputies) of zemstvo assemblies are elected for 3 years. Councils become the executive bodies of the county and provincial assemblies.

The new institutions are entrusted with the management of the entire local economy: food, medicine, "public care", roads, education, etc. ". The government, represented by the governors and the Minister of Internal Affairs, monitors the activities of these bodies, mainly from the point of view of their legality. The governor can suspend the decision of the zemstvo assembly if it contradicts the current legislation.

August 6, 1864
Abolished the Separate Corps of Internal Guards. His duties are assigned to local and reserve (internal) troops. The provisions "On military district administrations" and "On the administration of local troops of a military district" were introduced.

The district troops include fortress regiments, provincial reserve, fortress battalions, district, local and stage teams, military prisoner companies subordinate to the chief of district troops (with the rights of division commander). In each province, for the leadership of local forces, the position of a provincial military commander (usually the commander of a provincial battalion) is established.

November 20, 1864
As part of the judicial reform, Judicial statutes, which confirmed the withdrawal of judicial and investigative functions from the jurisdiction of the police. The police carry out inquiries "by means of searches, verbal inquiries and covert surveillance, without making any searches or seizures in houses."

According to the new Statute, criminal proceedings are conducted as a competition between a lawyer and a prosecutor in the presence of jurors. Judges are appointed for life.

April 6, 1865
Established in the Ministry of Internal Affairs Technical and Construction Committee, who took over the affairs of the civil construction part of the Ministry of Railways.

September 1, 1865
put into action Law "On Censorship". Scientific and valuable periodicals may be printed without prior censorship with the permission of the Minister of the Interior. If prohibited information is found in them, the perpetrators (author, publisher, translator, editor) are punished in court.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs establishes General Directorate for Press Affairs dealing with censorship.

1866
After the assassination attempt on Alexander II, a Department for the protection of order and public peace which should conduct operational work in a revolutionary environment.

1867
Founded in St. Petersburg police reserve, who performed two tasks: training policemen and helping the police in carrying out patrol duty.

January 27, 1867
Position established Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners, he is also the head of the transit unit of the General Staff of the Ground Forces.

September 9, 1867
Position approved "On the Separate Corps of Gendarmes". The Separate Corps of Gendarmes includes:

• Headquarters;
• supervisory staff;
• departments of the Caucasian, Warsaw and Siberian districts;
• provincial departments (56);
• county administrations (50);
• railway management;
• St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw divisions;
• city ​​equestrian teams (13).

The supervisory staff (renamed in 1870 as an additional staff) of non-commissioned officers is to collect information about the mood of minds in the Empire.

Only officers were allowed to be transferred to the Corps, "who have completed a course of sciences not lower than secondary educational institutions and have served in the troops for at least 5 years."

March 1868
Timashev Alexander Egorovich

With the transition of Timashev, who had previously been the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, the Postal and Telegraph Departments were created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

December 2, 1868
The Advisory Veterinary Committee and the Veterinary Department have been formed within the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

October 27, 1869
The Government Gazette, "the official newspaper common and unique for all ministries and main departments," begins to be published.

1870 – 1876

District Warden

Highly approved new " City position", according to which the main body of city government is the City Council. The executive body is the City Council. The City Council is elected by citizens, divided into 3 categories - large taxpayers, medium and small, and the amount of payments made to the city's treasury must be distributed equally between the categories. Each category elects one third of the total number of vowels. Members of the Council are elected by the Council. Both bodies are headed by the Mayor, elected by the Council.

The scope of duties of public administration includes: "managing the capital and property of the city, taking care of the improvement, ensuring food and health of the inhabitants, protection from fire and other disasters, developing public education, etc."

The city government "is charged with the responsibility of covering the costs of the police, the fire department, the military quarters, the arrangement and maintenance of detention facilities."

The administrative authority, the governor or mayor, is mainly responsible for monitoring "the legality of the activities of the city duma and council."

May 19, 1871
accepted" Rules on the procedure for the actions of the ranks of the corps of gendarmes for the investigation of crimes". By this act, the gendarmerie is introduced into the number of participants in the criminal process with the right to conduct inquiries on state crimes, when the gendarmes are allowed to carry out such investigative actions as inspections, examinations, searches and seizures. The prosecutor had the right, with the consent of the head of the provincial gendarme department, to appoint a gendarme to conduct an inquiry and for a criminal offense.

1873
The military department is freed from the "mandatory appointment of lower ranks to police and fire brigades," and the city administration is given the right to replenish the loss with civilians.

The police force is being strengthened in two directions: an increase in staff, on the one hand, and an increase in the "cultural level of agents," on the other.

The service life is set at 15 years, of which 6 years in service and 9 years in reserve. After the expiration of this period, the reserve until the age of 40 is attributed to the militia. “Only the age of the population is called to the lot every year, namely young people who, by January 1 of the year when the recruitment is made, have passed twenty years of age ...”

Disabled teams are abolished in the internal troops. The recruitment of recruits is carried out on a general basis, and not on a residual basis.

Fire brigades are allowed to be understaffed with recruits, freeing them from conscription into the army.

1876
Formed in St. Petersburg Committee on the Arrangement of Fire Tools, which is headed by N.N. Bozheryanov. One of the Committee's first activities was comparative testing of fire pumps.

1877 – 1880

1877
The Council of State establishes the Commission on Prison Transformation under the chairmanship of the Secretary of State, Privy Councilor K. Groth. The task of the Commission is to prepare proposals for a general procedure for the management of prison affairs and for streamlining the system of criminal penalties.

The Commission for Prison Transformation, having studied foreign experience, puts forward the concept prison reform based on the widespread use in punitive practice of punishment in the form of imprisonment.

• In terms of severity, the link to hard labor with deprivation of property, imprisonment, heavy forced labor and compulsory settlement in Siberia at the end of the term of hard labor is put forward in the first place.
• Another type of punishment is detention in a house of correction, with preliminary placement in solitary confinement. After serving the appointed term in solitary confinement, the prisoners work in general workshops with complete isolation for the night and free time from work.
• Short-term imprisonment is also introduced as a punishment, including the constant detention of the convict in solitary confinement with compulsory labor service.
• For state and war criminals, imprisonment in a fortress is provided.

June 9, 1878
Supremely Approved" Temporary regulation on police officers. The post of a police sergeant was introduced into the staff of the county police departments, occupying a middle position between the bailiff ("in the production of searches") and sotsky and tenth ("they were sensible leaders").

§2. The police sergeants, being directly under the control and disposal of the Stanovoy Bailiffs, receive all assignments and orders from them and report to them about their actions in the service. In relations, both the Stanovoye Bailiffs and the sergeants should, if possible, avoid written proceedings, giving their first orders, and the last making their reports in words.

§3. Sotsky and tenth, being directly subordinate to police officers, as their closest superiors, receive orders from them, for non-fulfillment of which they are responsible as disobedience to superiors.

§5. Police officers are obliged, in the areas entrusted to them, to protect public peace and monitor the manifestation of any actions and rumors directed against the government, legitimate authorities and public order, as well as undermining good morals and property rights in society.

§16. Police sergeants are obliged as often as possible to bypass or go round day and night the area entrusted to them, in all directions large and country roads, to visit villages, villages, towns, factories and plants, to visit bazaars, fairs, rural markets, marinas, temple holidays, in general in such places in which, for various reasons, a large number of people accumulate, more often inspect deaf places, to convince - whether suspicious and dangerous persons are hiding in them.

§20. Police sergeants make sure that the means in the villages are ready to stop the fires, and in the event of a fire, they rush to the place of it, helping to stop the fire and take measures to protect the life and property of the inhabitants, at the same time inquiring about the causes of the fire. They also monitor the implementation of the rules of precaution against fires established by the Zemstvos.

§22. In the event of floods, police officers take all measures to save the life and property of residents. In order to prevent such accidents, they, if possible, invite residents in advance to take the necessary precautions.

February 1879
Appointed Minister of the Interior Makov Lev Savvich.

February 27, 1879
The Ministry of Internal Affairs created Main Prison Department who took over the "prison affairs" from the Executive Police Department. At the same time, the Council for Prison Affairs was created. Former Saratov governor appointed head of new department M.N. Galkin-Vrassky .

February-March 1880
In connection with the increase in the number of terrorist acts (including the explosion in the Winter Palace), a decree was signed "On the establishment in St. Petersburg of the Supreme Administrative Commission for the Preservation of State Order and Public Peace" - a temporary emergency body to combine the efforts of all judicial, administrative, police institutions in the fight against terrorism.

Count Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich, one of the heroes of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, is appointed the chief head of the Commission.

III The Department of His Majesty's own Chancellery and the Separate Corps of Gendarmes are subordinate to the Chief Commander of the Supreme Administrative Commission "with the aim of concentrating in one hand the supreme management of all bodies called upon to safeguard the state peace, and to bring complete unity into the activities of these bodies."

August 1880
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich.

August 6, 1880
The management of the entire police force of the Empire is concentrated in the Ministry of the Interior.

Decrees "On the closure of the Supreme Administrative Commission, the abolition of the III branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery" and "On the establishment of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs" were adopted.

The functions of the III Division and the command of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs where the State Police Department is formed.

November 15, 1880
Departments of the state and executive police are merged into one State Police Department. The department consists of divisions or office work, the composition and purpose of which varies depending on the situation in the country.

first director State Police Department becomes a baron Ivan Osipovich Velio.

1881 – 1885

1881
The police forces of the capitals and provinces are greatly increased. Not only the number of police officers is increasing, but also "their official position has risen", "the salaries of maintenance and funds allocated for office and household needs have been increased."

By analogy with St. Petersburg, the Moscow police are being transformed. The division of Moscow into parts and quarters has been replaced by sections. Accordingly, private bailiffs and district guards were replaced by district bailiffs, their assistants and district guards. The medical and police department is transferred under the control of the Moscow Chief Police Chief.

April 1881
The director of the State Police Department is appointed Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve.

May 1881
Appointed Minister of the Interior Count Ignatiev Nikolai Pavlovich.

August 14, 1881
Position adopted " On Measures to Protect State Security and Public Peace", according to which the Minister of the Interior can declare in any part of the country a state of increased or emergency protection, which greatly expands the rights of the local police.

The general police are given the "right of arrest on suspicion", along with the gendarmes.

When an area is declared to be in a position of enhanced security, the governors receive the right to issue mandatory decrees. They can also refer cases of state crimes to the military court and approve sentences on them; have the right to close any commercial and industrial enterprises, to suspend any publications.

In conditions of emergency protection, the powers of governors become even wider. They can create supernumerary military-police teams, sequester real estate and arrest movable property, detain any person for up to three months, dismiss officials of all departments and stop the activities of city and zemstvo institutions.

Under the Minister is established special meeting consisting of four senior officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice under the leadership of a Comrade Minister. The Minister of the Interior alone approves the decision of the Conference on the administrative expulsion of persons suspected of involvement in state crimes.

March 1, 1882
The Minister of the Interior approved the regulation " About the secret police surveillance", where it is indicated that "unlike public supervision, as a measure of restraint and punishment, covert supervision is a preventive measure, a way of preventing state crimes, through secret surveillance of persons of dubious reliability."

May 1882
Count appointed Minister of the Interior Tolstoy Dmitry Andreevich.

July 16, 1882
Highly approved instructions to the Commander of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes"To the Comrade of the Minister of the Interior, Head of the State Police." According to this instruction, not only the gendarmerie ranks, but also all the ranks of the general police were subordinate to the Comrade Minister. At the same time, the Chief of the Gendarmes was the Minister of the Interior.

1883
The State Police Department is renamed to Police Department and is divided into several office work with sharply defined functions.

• The first (administrative) paperwork - is in charge of the appointment, dismissal and rewarding of police officers.
• The second office (legislative) - "deals with the organization of police institutions in all areas of the Empire", as well as "the prevention and suppression of obvious temptation, depravity in behavior, to stop drunkenness and begging."
• The third clerical work collects secretly information about people who have expressed a desire to publish newspapers, magazines, open private schools, go abroad, and also enter the public service. Conducts correspondence on denunciations and statements of private individuals, on crimes of a general nature, controls the search for criminals.
• The fourth clerical work - organizes the work of the Special Conference under the Minister of the Interior and supervises the conduct of inquiries in cases of state crimes.
• Fifth clerical work - oversees the execution of "deliverable decisions in cases of state crimes." It has an information desk with lists and photographs of individuals "who have come to the attention of the government".
• The sixth office (created in 1894) - controls the manufacture and storage of explosives, compliance with the wine monopoly, Jewish law, and also deals with the problems of relations between business owners and workers.
• A special department (established in 1898) - manages foreign domestic agents, summarizes the results of the perusal of letters, is engaged in identifying and destroying anti-government publications published in Russia and abroad.
• February 18, 1883

To handle cases on charges of state crimes, the Ministry of the Interior establishes Judicial Department.

December 3, 1883
Approved Regulation " About the structure of the Secret Police in the Empire", which provided for the possibility of creating search departments headed by an officer of the Gendarmes Corps, appointed at the choice of the director of the Police Department. Sometimes this position could be replaced by a civilian officer of the Police Department.

The management of the activities of the security and search departments is entrusted to the inspector of the secret police, Lieutenant Colonel G.P. Sudeikin. The basis of the activities of the new units is intelligence work, the essence of which, according to Sudeikin's plan: "1) to stir up quarrels and strife between various revolutionary groups with the help of special active agents; 2) to spread false rumors that depress and terrorize the revolutionary environment; 3) to transmit through agents, and sometimes with the help of invitations to the police and short-term arrests, accusations of the most dangerous revolutionaries of espionage; at the same time, to discredit the revolutionary proclam mation and various press organs, giving them the meaning of undercover, provocative work.

1884
The Ministry of Internal Affairs created Main Department of Posts and Telegraphs.

January 5, 1884
Supremely approved regulations for the supervision of public libraries and reading rooms. The Minister of the Interior has been given the right to indicate to the local authorities those works of the press, "the circulation of which in public libraries is recognized as harmful."

1885
Significantly expanding the staff of the river police in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rybinsk and other port cities. In order to put an end to "foreign poaching" (whaling) in the northern waters, as well as to supervise the goods imported "to the Murmansk coast", a steamship is placed at the disposal of the Arkhangelsk Governor by decision of the State Council.

1886 – 1892

January 1886
A law has been passed that order of compulsory work for prisoners and "the right of prisoners to monetary remuneration for work."

The Decree of the State Council provides creation of guards as part of 567 escort teams, freeing local troops from the obligation to escort prisoners.

Boarding the prisoners of the Butyrka prison in the carriages

Teams are in double submission. In terms of combat and economic part, they are subordinate to the Military Ministry, in terms of official activities - to the Main Prison Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The escort guards are entrusted with the stage escort of convicts, the escort of prisoners to external work and government offices, assistance to the prison administration in carrying out surprise searches and in eliminating prison disturbances, etc. The recruitment of teams of the internal guard and the passage of service is carried out on a general basis, as in the army.

A great contribution to the creation, formation and definition of the functions of the internal guard was made by General N.N. Gavrilov - Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners and head of the transit section of the General Staff of the Military Ministry.

1889
Rules were approved to the highest degree, which determined the duties of public institutions "to satisfy the police officials with housing allowances", eliminating the material dependence of the police on the city and zemstvo administration. Several ranks of policemen were established with fixed salaries, "so that diligent service gave the cityman hope for a transfer to the highest rank with a more significant salary." Increases in maintenance for length of service, as well as lump-sum allowances and pensions, etc. have been introduced.

A special medal for the lower ranks.

January 28, 1889
A draft regulation was adopted " About zemstvo district chiefs, their congresses and provincial presences". According to this provision, each county was divided into sections with district chiefs vested with judicial and administrative power.

April 1889
Appointed Minister of the Interior Durnovo Ivan Nikolaevich

1890
In the bylaws" About the detainees"Adjustments are made regarding the places of detention of the civil department. These include: premises for those under arrest, detention rooms at the police, local prisons (metropolitan, provincial, regional, county), prisons for keeping criminals sentenced to hard labor, correctional detainees' departments, transit prisons.

March 31, 1890
A law has been issued, according to which in a number of provinces for managing the prison department, conducting audits, and developing normative acts, prison inspections- institutions that have no analogues in world practice. The functions of provincial prison inspectors appointed by the Main Prison Department include: control and supervision of the activities of local punitive institutions, management of the prison administration, preparation of reports and initiation of petitions to the Main Prison Department to meet the needs of local prisons.

May 31, 1890
By order of the St. Petersburg mayor, Lieutenant General Gressner, the first in Russia anthropometric bureau.

June 12, 1890
Position adopted " On the organization of zemstvo institutions", where the number of vowels, both provincial and district, is significantly reduced, the order of elections is changed (two electoral meetings are introduced: one for hereditary nobles, the other for everyone else), chairmen and members of zemstvo councils are granted the rights of civil servants, etc.

1892
The temporary staff of the Nizhny Novgorod fair police. Due to special fees from persons "using sea baths", organized police supervision in "bathing places" Baltic coast.

March 1, 1892
A periodical magazine began to be published Firefighter". Having existed for three years, the journal has left a solid reputation as a solid publication on the technique and tactics of fire fighting, the activities of domestic and foreign fire brigades, fire statistics, bibliography, etc.

May 5, 1892
The Law "On entrusting the Minister of Internal Affairs, in agreement with the Minister of Finance, with the general management of the activities of provincial and county drinking houses, as well as establishing supervision over the issuance of sentences to rural communities on consent to the sale of drinks in villages" was adopted.

May 7, 1892
The regulation "On the administrative management of port navigation and about police in seaside trading ports".

June 11, 1892
A new law passed About city public administration", coordinating city administration with the regulation on the organization of zemstvo institutions of 1890.

June 14, 1892
At the First Congress of Russian leaders in the fire business, the Russian Fire Society was created (since 1901 - Imperial Russian Fire Society). Its tasks include "searching, developing measures to prevent and suppress fire disasters", helping firefighters and people affected by fires, improving fire water supply, publishing fire-technical literature, holding congresses, exhibitions, and congresses. The scope of the company's activities includes improving the work of not only voluntary but professional fire protection. Count A.D. was elected the first chairman of the council of the society. Sheremetev is the publisher of the Fireman magazine.

1893 – 1905

1893
The General Prison Department begins to publish a monthly magazine " Prison Herald", which publishes official documents, information and methodological materials.

June 6, 1894
Under the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs established Insurance Committee and Insurance Department.

The Regulation "On the state sale of drinks" was approved, according to which the police are involved in the supervision of the sale of alcoholic beverages.

July 1894
At the initiative of the Main Council of the All-Russian Fire Society in Russia, the first issue of the magazine " fire fighting". It is significant that this magazine continues to be published today.

1895
The regulation "On the first general population census" was approved by the highest. Established under the chairmanship of the Minister of the Interior Main Census Commission. Census Day is January 28, 1897.

The Moscow branch of the Russian Imperial Technical Society near Mytishchi creates experimental fire station, the main tasks of which are fire resistance tests of buildings, fire-retardant coatings and "familiarization of the population with the results of fire tests."

December 1895
Appointed Minister of the Interior Goremykin Ivan Loginovich .

1896
To consider inventions, unify and standardize fire equipment, the Main Council of the Russian Fire Society creates Technical Committee, which is headed by P. Syuzor. With the approval of the Committee, the fire department received foam fire extinguishers, sprayers, foam generators and other equipment. To protect the premises, sprinkler systems, fire alarms, etc. are recommended.

December 2, 1896
In connection with the need for state control over the movement of large peasant masses from Central Russia beyond the Urals, the Ministry of Internal Affairs established Resettlement Administration.

December 13, 1895
Main Prison Department and, consequently, the entire prison system of Russia was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice.

1898
Created within the Police Department Special department, who led the work with foreign and domestic agents, as well as the newly created search departments. The functions of the Special Department include the generalization of the perusal of letters, the systematization and seizure of anti-government books and pamphlets. The department collects all the information received in an operational way.

The staff of the St. Petersburg police has been supplemented by mounted police guards.

February 1900
Appointed Minister of the Interior Sipyagin Dmitry Sergeevich.

June 12, 1900
The Ministry of Internal Affairs established Department of Military Service.

May 28, 1901
The Ministry of Internal Affairs established Veterinary Board and Veterinary Committee. The head of the Veterinary Administration is equated with the directors of departments.

April 1902
Appointed Minister of the Interior Plehve Vyacheslav Konstantinovich.

August 12, 1902
The Minister of the Interior approves the regulation " About the heads of search departments"The next day, a circular of the Police Department is issued, delimiting the competence of the gendarmerie and security departments. It is documented that the gendarmes are engaged in the production of inquiries on political crimes, and the security departments carry out operational search activities. police department official.

"The duties of the department include: a) preventing strikes of workers in factories and investigating the circumstances accompanying strikes, b) taking measures to prevent and investigate the causes of all demonstrations, gatherings and meetings prohibited by law and police orders, c) monitoring those who come to the capital, on the basis of special rules issued by the city governor, d) politically monitoring the educational institutions of the capital, clubs, societies and similar institutions permitted by law, e) accepting covert measures to prevent and investigate riots, gatherings and other demonstrations that arise in educational institutions.

The general direction of the investigative activities of the department for political affairs, in all cases, belongs to the Police Department, in accordance with the duty of directing political investigations throughout the Empire.

The head of the department immediately fulfills all the requirements of the prosecutor's supervision and the gendarmerie departments in relation to the political inquiries carried out in the last ones. If, in the interests of the search, the demand for arrest, search, seizure, etc. cannot be immediately enforced, the issue of suspension of enforcement is submitted to the decision of the Police Department.

The head of the department starts arrests, searches, seizures and inspections: on the proposals of the Police Department; by order of the mayor; according to the requirements of the Prosecutor's supervision and gendarmerie departments; in cases of urgency, at its own discretion, on the basis of received instructions, information and messages from officials and persons.

All ranks of the Department are appointed, moved and dismissed on a general basis by the Mayor. The choice of secret agents depends on the head of the department, who keeps special secret lists for them.

All parts of the City Administration and the Metropolitan Police are obliged to immediately comply with all lawful requirements of the department for the protection of public safety and order.

Branch ranks and agents may, with the permission of the Mayor, be sent to other areas of the Empire to carry out searches of a political nature.

Receiving instructions from the Police Department, the heads of the "okhrana" in a number of cases are placed above the gendarmes. For example, searches or arrests by gendarmes can only be carried out with the consent of the head of the security department or at his direction. The heads of the security departments have full access to the documents of the provincial gendarme departments, their agents, etc.

1903
institution police guard. In each volost, police guards were introduced at the rate of 1 guard per 2,500 people.

April 30, 1904
By order of the Ministry of War, the lower ranks of the escort guards are allowed to be awarded the silver medal "For Diligence" on the Stanislav Ribbon for especially outstanding feats, and also to encourage money at the expense of the prison department.

August 1904
Prince appointed Minister of the Interior Svyatopolk-Mirsky Petr Danilovich.

January 1905
Appointed Minister of the Interior Bulygin Alexander Grigorievich.

1905 – 1917

January 9, 1905
Bloody Sunday. The execution of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg, which led to mass demonstrations and strikes throughout the country.

October 1905
Appointed Minister of the Interior Durnovo Pavel Nikolaevich

New legislature established - The State Duma. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has created a Special Office for the Elections to the State Duma and the State Council.

October 17, 1905
Published Manifesto" On the improvement of the state order", which said:

"Give the population an unshakable foundation of civil freedom on the basis of real inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and associations.

Without stopping the planned elections to the State Duma, immediately enlist in the participation in the Duma ... those classes of the population who are now completely deprived of voting rights.

Establish as an unshakable rule that no law can take effect without the approval of the State Duma, and that the elected from the people have the opportunity to really participate in monitoring the regularity of the actions of the authorities appointed by Us.

1906
Under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, information bureau with its own printing house, to inform the press with official reports of the Ministry and the government, to compile reviews of the Russian and foreign press. In 1915, the Information Bureau was renamed the Press Bureau.

On the initiative of P.A. Stolypin in the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created commission to prepare police reform and, accordingly, the Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Commission led by A.A. Makarova worked to no avail until 1911 and was liquidated after the assassination of Stolypin.

April 1906
Appointed Minister of the Interior Stolypin Petr Arkadievich.

Search of a passerby on the street

December 1906
Decree issued " On the establishment of criminal liability for the glorification of criminal acts in speech or in the press".

December 14, 1906
Position approved" About district security departments", which were created to unite and direct the activities of local security departments. In order to compile the most objective picture of anti-government activities in their areas, the Okhrana were instructed to "widespread establishment of internal agents."

March 6, 1907
Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior P. A. Stolypin, speaking in the II State Duma, announced the need for police reform.

June 10, 1907
By decree of the Emperor, the project was approved " Charter of the escort service".

February 9, 1907
New position approved About security departments", which again emphasizes that operational-search activities for state crimes are carried out exclusively by security departments. At the same time, security departments are obliged to provide intelligence information to the gendarmes conducting inquiries.

The regulation indicates the need to set up and maintain operational records, "so that the head of the department at any time can provide information about the criminal activities of a well-known individual."

Under the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, security department.

June 10, 1907
Highly approved project Charter of the escort service, developed by the Assistant Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant General Ivan Dmitrievich Sapozhnikov.

The formation of the escort guards takes place on the basis of general army laws, the requirements of the time, proposals from the Ministry of Justice and the Chief Inspector to strengthen the escort teams, the correct use of them, and the organization of interaction with the army and gendarmerie.

December 1907
The first professional magazine for police officers began to appear " Police Herald".

July 6, 1908
Law passed" About the organization of the detective part". In cities and counties, under the police departments, detective departments were created, which, in addition to operational-search activities, were supposed to conduct inquiries on criminal offenses.

1909
65 provinces have been declared in the state of emergency or enhanced protection. Martial law has been introduced in 25 Russian provinces.

1910
As part of the Special Section of the Police Department, a undercover unit.

Shortly after the opening of the III State Duma, a draft law was adopted "On assistance from state funds to policemen and gendarmes who suffered from the revolution. During the period 1905-1907, more than 4 thousand were killed and more than 5 thousand law enforcement officers were injured.

As part of the State Duma, a fire commission out of 23 deputies.

The army is being reformed, the reserve and fortress troops are being abolished, which strengthens the field units, but weakens the reserve of the escort service.

March 27, 1911
In commemoration of the centenary of the local troops and escort guards, a badge was established " 100 years of escort guards " , handed over to officers and lower ranks. The holiday is solemnly celebrated in all convoy teams, an "Jubilee memo" is published with an overview of the historical development of this type of troops.

September 1911
Appointed Minister of the Interior Makarov Alexander Alexandrovich

December 1912
Appointed Minister of the Interior Maklakov Nikolai Alexandrovich

1913
To prepare a new Fire charter The Council of the Imperial Russian Fire Society approves the commission chaired by Senator M.A. Ostrogradsky. By 1914, the commission prepared two documents: "On the fire regulations" and "On changes in some articles of the code relating to the fight against fires and arson." However, further work of the commission was suspended due to the First World War.

August 1, 1914
Russia enters the first world war in alliance with England and France (Entente).

June 1915
Prince appointed Minister of the Interior Shcherbatov Nikolay Borisovich.

September 1915
Appointed Minister of the Interior Khvostov Alexey Nikolaevich.

March 1916
Appointed Minister of the Interior Shtyurmer Boris Vladimirovich.

July 1916
Appointed Minister of the Interior Khvostov Alexander Alekseevich.

August 6, 1916
Law passed" About fire protection of factories and plants manufacturing items for the army in the field. "The Minister of the Interior has been granted the right to issue general rules for the fire protection of defense enterprises. A commission has been established to oversee compliance with fire safety measures at these facilities.

September 1916
Appointed Minister of the Interior Protopopov Alexander Dmitrievich.

October 23, 1916
The Council of Ministers adopted a resolution "On the strengthening of the police in 50 provinces of the Empire and on the improvement of the service and financial situation of police officers."

February 23-28, 1917
Strikes and political demonstrations in St. Petersburg turn into a general uprising against autocracy. Regular army units (Pavlovsky, Volynsky, Lithuanian, Preobrazhensky and other regiments) go over to the side of the rebels. Shootouts with the police are everywhere.

At a meeting of the Petrograd City Duma, it was announced creation of the metropolitan police, headed by the famous architect D.A. Kryzhanovsky.

In each district, police departments are created, headed by an appointed commissioner. Police officers do not have uniforms, the personnel of the departments are recruited from volunteers: workers, intellectuals, students and even boy scouts. Representatives of the criminal world penetrate the police.

March 1917
A number of decrees of the Provisional Government are issued, as a result of which The Ministry of Internal Affairs ceases to exist as a single centralized structure.

At the initiative of local councils in many cities, working militia, maintained at the expense of industrial enterprises, which is subsequently dissolved with the creation of the Provisional Government militia.

The Provisional Government announces amnesty. About 90 thousand convicts are released, most of them are criminals. Due to unprepared personnel, the fight against crime by the police is ineffective. The main efforts of the new law enforcement agencies are aimed at searching for and detaining representatives of the tsarist government, especially policemen and gendarmes, who were blamed for sabotage and participation in counter-revolutionary conspiracies.

March 1, 1917
By the decision of the City Committee of Public Organizations, Moscow police. A lawyer, a member of the Menshevik Party, Chairman of the Council of Workers' Deputies of Moscow A.M. was elected head. Nikitin.

March 2, 1917
The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II from the throne was signed. By decision of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which became the de facto successor to the dissolved State Duma, a provisional government.

Prince Lvov Georgy Evgenievich was elected Chairman of the Provisional Government and Minister of the Interior.

March 3, 1917
The Provisional Government officially announces that the most important task of the new government is to replace the police bodies with a people's militia with elected authorities, subordinate to local self-government bodies.

March 6, 1917
The Provisional Government announces liquidation of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes.

March 11, 1917
A decree of the Provisional Government "On the abolition of the Police Department and the establishment of the Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs and Ensuring the Property Security of Citizens" was published, after which the Russian police legally ceased to exist. The former Minister and heads of the Police Department were arrested, all police officials were taken out of state. To investigate the activities of the Police Department and liquidate cases political nature appointed a special committee. The department that led the detective police is planned to be transferred to the Department of Justice. The special department that was in charge of the affairs of the security departments is being liquidated. The Main Directorate for Press Affairs with its censorship functions is being abolished.

The Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs consists of 48 employees, half of whom served in the tsarist Ministry of Internal Affairs, and is headed by a representative of the Cadets Party G.D. Sidamon-Eristov. The department is preparing the legal and regulatory framework for the new police, while not delving into its activities on the ground.

March 12, 1917
General N.I. Lukyanov, who had been in charge of the internal guard for ten years, issued an order calling on his troops to "show loyalty and allegiance to the Provisional Government."

April 1917
Significant the punishment system is undergoing changes. All types of fetters, corporal punishment, prison clothes, exile to settlements, etc. are cancelled. The Main Prison Department is renamed into the Main Department for Places of Confinement.

April 6, 1917
Circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs adopted " On the procedure for disbanding the gendarme corps and its abolition". His property is transferred to the military department, archives - to the General Staff, affairs of provincial departments - to commissions from representatives of the Ministry of Justice and commissars of the Provisional Government

April 16, 1917.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs issued a circular " On the need to preserve and resume the activities of detective departments in criminal investigation cases".

April 17, 1917
Decree of the Provisional Government issued On the institution of the militia", where it is declared the executive body of state power in the field, "consisting of the direct jurisdiction of the zemstvo and city public administrations."

The heads of the local militia could be persons with an education not lower than secondary, appointed by the city or county zemstvo council. Police chiefs must report annually to the City Duma or Uyezd Assembly, as well as to the Commissioner of the Provisional Government in the given locality. The Minister of the Interior provides general guidance, ensures the development of the regulatory framework and organizes field audits.

June 1917
According to the resolution "On gendarmes and policemen" of the first All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (June 9-24), former policemen and gendarmes go to the front"with the nearest marching companies." They do not have the right to occupy command positions, and their documents indicate the place of the former service. Later, it was even proposed to separate the policemen into separate army units and "mark them with special black stripes on their uniforms."

June 15, 1917
By a decree of the Provisional Government, the Provisional Directorate for Public Police Affairs is renamed into Main Department of Police Affairs(Glavmilitsiya) and the staff of its employees is doubled.

July 1917
Appointed Minister of the Interior Tsereteli Irakli Georgievich.

July 1917
Appointed Minister of the Interior Avksentiev Nikolai Dmitrievich.

September 1917
Appointed Minister of the Interior Nikitin Alexey Maksimovich.

September 1, 1917
The Provisional Government proclaims Russia as a republic.

September 2-25, 1917
In this period no one has been appointed to the post of Minister of the Interior and its functions are performed by the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs.

October 10, 1917
The Central Committee of the RSDLP (Social Democratic Bolshevik Party), relying on a significant part of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, adopts decision for an armed uprising.

October 11, 1917
The Minister of War of the Provisional Government issues an order instructing the commanders of the rear military units to send the best officers and soldiers to serve in the militia.

The interim government was unable to overcome the consequences of the "all-Russian campaign against the policemen."

TASS-DOSIER. On May 7, 2018, Vladimir Putin, the elected President of the Russian Federation, took office. In connection with his inauguration, the government of the Russian Federation, headed by Dmitry Medvedev, is resigning its powers, in accordance with the requirements of Russian law.

On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Republic. On June 15, 1990, at the first session of the Supreme Council (SC) of the RSFSR (a permanent parliament formed at the Congress of People's Deputies), the procedure for appointing the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the republic was approved. The prime minister was elected by the deputies of the Supreme Council, and then his candidacy was approved by the highest authority of the RSFSR - the Congress of People's Deputies.

On the same day, the speaker of the Supreme Council Boris Yeltsin proposed three candidates for the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers: Mikhail Bocharov, secretary of the USSR Armed Forces Committee on Construction and Architecture; Yuri Ryzhov, chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet committee on science, public education, culture and upbringing; Ivan Silaev, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. However, even before the start of the elections, Ryzhov withdrew his candidacy. As a result of voting on June 15, none of the two remaining candidates received the support of a majority of deputies.

During the repeated voting, Silaev was elected chairman of the government, supported by Yeltsin. 163 parliamentarians out of 252 voted for Silaev. On June 18, 1990, the I Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved the candidacy of the new prime minister (according to the constitution, the highest authority in the country).

On May 24, 1991, amendments were made to the basic law of the RSFSR, according to which the president of the RSFSR began to appoint the prime minister with the consent of the Supreme Council. The procedure for the approval of the head of government by the Congress of People's Deputies remained unchanged.

On July 10, 1991, after Boris Yeltsin, elected President of the RSFSR, elected on June 12, 1991, the Council of Ministers resigned in accordance with the constitution. On July 12, 1991, the head of state again appointed Silaev as chairman of the Council of Ministers. On the same day, his candidacy was approved by the Supreme Council, and on July 13 - by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.

After the August putsch of 1991, the contradictions between Silaev and Yeltsin escalated over the preservation of the USSR. The prime minister opposed the president's policy of secession Soviet Union and the proclamation of the full sovereignty of the RSFSR. On September 26, 1991, Silaev resigned from the post of Russian prime minister and went to work in the government of the USSR. In total, in 1990-1991, he headed the government of the RSFSR for 468 days. After Silaev's resignation, Oleg Lobov, his first deputy, became acting prime minister. The government was disbanded on November 15, 1991.

On November 1, 1991, Yeltsin received from the V (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR emergency powers for a period of one year to carry out economic reforms. The resolution of the Congress established that the president, before the adoption of a new law on the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, "on his own decides on the issues of reorganizing the structure of the highest bodies of executive power." On November 6, Yeltsin signed a decree on the reorganization of the government, according to which "for the period of economic reform" the president headed the cabinet of ministers.

Part of the premier's powers were transferred to First Deputy Prime Minister Gennady Burbulis. After his resignation in April 1992, the leadership of the Cabinet was entrusted to another First Deputy Prime Minister - Yegor Gaidar, who oversaw the implementation of economic reforms. On June 15, 1992, he was officially appointed and. O. chairman of the government. Yeltsin was the head of the cabinet for 222 days, Gaidar held the position and. O. premiere 182 days, until December 14, 1992.

Viktor Chernomyrdin (1992-1998)

In November 1992, the term of emergency powers, previously granted to the President by the Congress, ended. On December 1, 1992, the VII Congress of People's Deputies began its work, which was supposed to approve the new prime minister. Parliamentarians assessed the work of the Gaidar government as unsatisfactory. On December 9, 1992, the Congress refused to approve his candidacy for the post of prime minister. 486 deputies voted against, 467 in favor, five abstained (out of a total of 1,040 people's deputies who had powers at that time).

On December 14, Yeltsin put forward five candidates for the post of head of government for a rating vote. As a result, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Yuri Skokov received 637 votes; Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin - 621; Yegor Gaidar - 400; General Director of AvtoVAZ Vladimir Kadannikov - 399; Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir Shumeiko - 283. On the same day, at the proposal of the President, the Congress approved Chernomyrdin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation (721 in favor, 172 against, 48 abstained). On the same day, a presidential decree on his appointment was signed.

The first government of Chernomyrdin became the only one in the newest Russian history, to which the parliament passed a partial vote of no confidence (its initiator was Sergey Glazyev, who represented the faction of the Democratic Party of Russia). This happened after the terrorist attack by Chechen separatists led by Shamil Basayev on June 14-20, 1995 in Budennovsk (Stavropol Territory). On June 21, 1995, the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the 1st convocation laid the blame for the unpunished actions of terrorists on the ministers of the power bloc.

241 deputies voted for the resignation of the government (with 226 required), 72 voted against, 20 abstained. Yeltsin did not agree with the opinion of the parliamentarians and refused to dissolve the cabinet of ministers. On June 22, 1995, Chernomyrdin raised a counter-question of confidence in the government before Parliament. During the repeated voting on July 1, supporters of the resignation of the cabinet failed to collect the required number of votes (117 deputies in favor, 193 against, 48 abstained). However, following the results of negotiations with the deputies, the head of state dismissed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Nationalities Nikolai Yegorov, Interior Minister Viktor Yerin, FSB Director Sergei Stepashin and others.

On August 9, 1996, the first government of Chernomyrdin resigned in connection with the assumption of the office of President Yeltsin (elected for a second term in the second round of elections on July 3). The head of state submitted Chernomyrdin's candidacy for the post of prime minister to the State Duma. On August 10, 1996, 314 deputies out of 449 agreed to his appointment, 85 parliamentarians voted against, three abstained. On the same day, the head of state issued a decree appointing the head of the cabinet, who held his post until 23 March 1998.

In total, Chernomyrdin served as chairman of the government for 1,925 days.

On March 23, 1998, Yeltsin signed a decree on the resignation of Chernomyrdin's cabinet of ministers. official reason the president called the desire to form a more energetic and efficient team to ensure economic recovery and solve social problems. At the same time, he took over the duties of prime minister. However, such a decision was legally incompetent, since, according to the law on the government of December 17, 1997, only one of the deputy prime ministers of the resigning government could act as head of the cabinet.

To resolve the legal conflict that has arisen, the president signed two new decrees. The first of them canceled the clause on the head of state performing the duties of prime minister. By the second document, the Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation Sergey Kiriyenko was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and acting. O. chairman of the government. On April 10, 1998, the State Duma rejected Kiriyenko's candidacy submitted by the president: out of 445 deputies, 186 were against, 143 were in favor, and five abstained. On April 17, during the repeated voting, the deputies again opposed the appointment of Kiriyenko (115 in favor, 271 against, 11 abstained).

However, the president introduced the same candidacy for the third time. According to the constitution of the Russian Federation, in this case, the refusal of parliamentarians to approve the candidacy of the prime minister would entail the dissolution of the State Duma. Therefore, under pressure from the president, on April 24, the deputies agreed to the appointment of Kiriyenko as chairman of the government (251 in favor, 25 against, 39 abstained). On the same day, the head of state issued a corresponding decree.

On August 23, 1998, the head of state announced the resignation of Sergei Kiriyenko, along with the entire government. This decision was made after the Cabinet of Ministers and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation announced on August 17 a technical default on their debt obligations and stopped supporting the national currency. The execution of the duties of the chairman of the cabinet of ministers, in violation of the law on the government, was entrusted not to one of the vice-premiers, but to the ex-premier Chernomyrdin, who at that time headed the Our Home is Russia movement.

The President argued his decision by saying that "political heavyweights" are needed to resolve the crisis. The State Duma twice refused to approve Chernomyrdin as head of government: on August 31, out of 444 deputies, 253 voted against, 94 in favor; On September 7, 273 were against, 138 were in favour, and one abstained. On September 10, 1998, Yeltsin submitted to the Duma for the third vote the candidacy of a new candidate - Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov. On September 11, the lower house gave its consent to his appointment (317 in favor, 63 against, 15 abstained). On the same day, the head of state signed a corresponding decree.

Sergei Stepashin (1999)

On May 12, 1999, the president dismissed the Primakov government. In his televised address to the country's citizens, Yeltsin explained his decision by the need to correct the crisis situation in the economy and social sphere. The head of state assigned First Deputy Prime Minister, Interior Minister Sergei Stepashin to act as head of the Cabinet.

On May 19, his candidacy was approved by the majority of deputies from the first time (for - 301 out of 440 parliamentarians, against - 55, abstained - 14). On the same day, Yeltsin signed a decree appointing Stepashin as chairman of the government. The new prime minister performed his duties for 82 days, until August 9, 1999.

Vladimir Putin (1999-2000)

On August 9, 1999, in his televised address, Yeltsin announced that he had decided on the resignation of the Stepashin government, and addressed the State Duma with a proposal to approve Vladimir Putin, director of the Federal Security Service, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, as head of the cabinet. Yeltsin said that he sees him as his successor and hopes that Putin will be able to "consolidate society." On the same day, the director of the FSB was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation and at the same time acting head of the Cabinet of Ministers.

On August 16, the president appointed Putin as prime minister after the approval of his candidacy by the State Duma (233 out of 439 deputies were in favor, 84 against, 17 abstained). On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin resigned early from the presidency, placing the duties of head of state on Putin. In this regard, since January 10, 2000, the first vice-premier has been directly supervising the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers. According to Putin, the decision was not connected "with an assessment of the results of the activities of the previous government" and was "dictated by the desire to once again outline its position on the question of what the country's development course will be" after the next presidential election, scheduled for March 14, 2004.

On March 1, the head of state submitted to the Duma the candidacy of Mikhail Fradkov, Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the European Communities in Brussels, to be appointed Prime Minister. On March 5, parliamentarians supported this decision: 352 out of 447 deputies were in favor, 58 were against, 24 abstained. On the same day, by decree of the head of state, Fradkov was appointed chairman of the government.

On May 7, 2004, the first Fradkov government resigned in connection with the inauguration of Putin, who was elected on March 14 for a second presidential term. On May 12, the State Duma again agreed to Fradkov's appointment as prime minister. His candidacy was approved by 356 out of 447 deputies, 82 people voted against, 8 abstained. On the same day, the president signed a decree on the appointment.

In general, Fradkov served as head of government for 1,286 days.

On September 12, 2007, Fradkov announced his voluntary resignation. He explained his decision by the desire to provide the head of state with "freedom in choosing decisions, including personnel decisions" on the eve of the Duma and presidential elections. On the same day, Putin accepted the resignation of the cabinet and submitted Viktor Zubkov's candidacy to the State Duma for approval as prime minister. On September 14, the lower house approved this appointment. Of the 445 deputies, 381 voted for the new prime minister, 47 voted against, and 8 abstained. On the same day, the president signed a decree appointing Viktor Zubkov as prime minister. He was at the head of the cabinet for 236 days.

Vladimir Putin (2008-2012)

On May 7, 2008, the inauguration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, who was elected on March 2 of the same year, took place. The Cabinet of Ministers of Zubkov, in accordance with the law on the government, resigned. On the same day, Medvedev submitted Putin's candidacy to the State Duma for approval as prime minister. On May 8, the lower house gave its consent: out of 448 deputies, 392 voted in favor, 56 against. A presidential decree was immediately signed on the appointment of a new prime minister.

For the second time, Putin served as head of government for 1,460 days.

Dmitry Medvedev (2012-2018)

On May 7, 2012, Putin was inaugurated (elections were held on March 4 of the same year). On the same day, the Cabinet of Ministers resigned. In accordance with the agreement reached on September 24, 2011 at the XII Congress of the United Russia party, Putin proposed that the State Duma support Medvedev's candidacy for appointment to the post of prime minister. On May 8, 2012, the lower house gave its consent: out of 450 deputies, 299 were in favor, 144 were against. On the same day, the president appointed Medvedev chairman of the government.

After ascending the throne, Alexander I proclaimed that he would govern the country "according to the laws and according to the heart of our late august empress, Empress Catherine the Great." He began his reign with the preparation of a series of radical reforms. So on September 20, 1802, ministries were created instead of the collegiums of Peter I.

At first, eight of them were formed: military, naval, foreign affairs, internal affairs, justice, finance, commerce and public education. In order to unite the activities of the ministries, all ministers had to, gathering at general meetings, form a "committee of ministers", at whose meetings the new emperor was often present. Instead of the former collegiate principle, sole power and responsibility were put at the basis of the new system: the minister alone managed his department with the help of the office and subordinate institutions, he alone had to be responsible for all the omissions in the ministry. To discuss the most important state affairs and laws, Alexander arranged an "indispensable council", consisting of twelve members, instead of random and temporary meetings under Empress Catherine II and Emperor Paul I.

The first Russian ministers:

Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (1741-1805), Foreign Secretary. Nephew of the chancellor of the times of Elizabeth and Catherine II. He graduated from the Strasbourg military school. Received the title of earl in 1760. A year later, he was appointed chargé d'affaires in Austria. In 1762-1764 he was a minister plenipotentiary in England. The first Russian to be awarded an honorary doctorate in classical literature at Oxford (1763). From 1764 to 1768 he was envoy to Holland. In 1773-1794 - President of the College of Commerce, member of the Commission on Commerce. From 1779 he was a senator. As a member of the State Council (since 1787) he was one of the leaders of Russia's foreign policy. After helping Alexander Radishchev publish the book Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, he was forced to resign in 1792. In 1802 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs with the rank of Chancellor. He sought to ensure the foreign policy independence of Russia from France. In early 1804 he retired for health reasons.

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816), Minister of Justice. Born in Kazan in a family of small landed nobles. In 1762, he was called up to serve as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment, which participated in the palace coup, as a result of which Catherine II ascended the throne. After 10 years, he was promoted to officer; participated in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. In 1773 he published his poetic works. In 1777 he was dismissed from military service as a collegiate adviser. After composing "Ode to Felitsa" (1782), addressed to the Empress, he received a snuffbox from Catherine II as a gift. In 1784, the empress appointed the poet the first Olonets governor. He remained in this position until October 1785. In 1785-1788 he was the governor of Tambov. In 1791-1793 he was the cabinet-secretary of Catherine II. In 1794 he was appointed president of the College of Commerce. Under Paul I, he was the ruler of the office of the Supreme Imperial Council and the state treasurer. In 1802, with the rank of Privy Councilor, he was appointed Minister of Justice. In 1803, he resigned: Alexander I removed him from business, explaining this by the inadmissibility of too "zealous service." In recent years, he lived in St. Petersburg in the winter, and in the summer in the Zvanka estate near Novgorod.

Pyotr Vasilyevich Zavadovsky (1739-1812), Minister of Public Education. Born in the Chernigov province in a poor noble family. He served in the offices of the last Ukrainian hetman, Count Kirill Razumovsky, and the governor-general of Little Russia, Petr Rumyantsev. During the Russian-Turkish war in 1768-1774 he distinguished himself in the battles of Larga and Cahul. In 1775 he was appointed cabinet secretary of Catherine II. Becoming a favorite of the Empress, he was promoted to major general. Then he received the rank of privy councilor and became a senator. In 1782 he was appointed head of the Commission on the establishment of schools, then - the manager of the Loan Bank. Paul I granted him the title of count, and then made him the chief director of the Assignation Bank. Alexander I appointed Zavadovsky a member of the Private Committee present in the Senate. From May 1801 to October 1803 he was chairman of the Law Drafting Commission. Alexander Radishchev worked under him after returning from exile. As Minister of Education, on the instructions of the king, he organized numerous secondary and several new higher educational institutions. He was a minister until 1810, after which he was appointed chairman of the department of laws of the State Council.

Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768-1834), Minister of Internal Affairs. Born in Moscow. In his youth, his uncle, Catherine's Chancellor Alexander Bezborodko, was involved in his upbringing and education. Studied at Uppsala University. In 1792 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary in Turkey. After 6 years, he became Vice-Chancellor of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, and after the accession of Alexander I to the throne, he became the head of the Collegium. In 1799 he was elevated to the dignity of a count. He was a member of the Private Committee of Alexander I. In 1802 he was appointed Minister of the Interior. In 1807, Alexander I dismissed him: Kochubey opposed the subordination of Russian foreign policy to the interests of France. In 1819, he again began to lead the Ministry of the Interior. In 1823 he was fired. He returned to the service only under Nicholas I. Since 1827, Kochubey was the chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. In 1831 he was elevated to princely dignity. In 1834, a month and a half before his death, he was appointed State Chancellor of the Interior.

Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (1754-1826), Minister of Commerce. Born in St. Petersburg in the family of Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. In 1774 he was sent to Leiden University. After a trip to Europe, he returned to Russia in 1779. In 1781-1795, he served as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Seimas of the Holy Roman Empire. Under Paul I fell into disgrace. He returned to serve under Alexander I. In 1801 he became a member of the State Council, a senator, director of water communications. In 1802 he was appointed Minister of Commerce. Under the leadership of Rumyantsev, a change in trade legislation began, the budget was improved, the waterways of the state were improved, shipping channels were built. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, Rumyantsev was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Awarded the title of chancellor in 1809 for negotiating the accession of Swedish Finland. In 1810 he headed the State Council. In 1814 he retired. His collections of books and works of art formed the basis of the collections of the Rumyantsev Museum (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts) and the Rumyantsev Library (now the Russian State Library).

Count Alexei Ivanovich Vasiliev (1742-1807), Minister of Finance. At the end of the course at the cadet school under the Senate, he served under the prosecutor generals - first A.I. Glebov, then Prince A.A. Vyazemsky. In 1770 he was appointed chief secretary of the Senate. Since 1775, he worked in the commission for the preparation of the Code, where he compiled a collection of laws on financial management, as well as instructions for the newly established state chambers in the provinces. Then Vasiliev was transferred to the state office (financial department). He was a member of the State Council. With the appointment of the Prosecutor General Alexander Samoilov in 1792, he received the position of director of the medical college. Under Paul I, in 1796 he was appointed state treasurer. Dismissed in 1800. Having ascended the throne, Alexander I was again appointed his state treasurer, and in 1802 - minister of finance. In 1801 he received the title of count. In 1807 he retired.

Count Sergei Kuzmich Vyazmitinov (1744-1819), Minister of War. The son of a landowner of the Rylsk district of the Kursk province. Member of the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791. Since 1770 - Colonel under Field Marshal Rumyantsev. In 1789 he participated in the siege of the fortresses Akkerman and Bendery. In 1790 he was appointed governor of Mogilev. From 1794, he served as Governor-General of Simbirsk and Ufa, as well as commander of the Orenburg Corps. He brought order to the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) steppe, led Khan Ishim, a supporter of Russia, to the khan's throne, restored trade with Central Asia. In 1798 he received the rank of general of infantry. Under Paul I, he became the commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress and the manager of the Commissariat Department, then he was fired. He was again accepted into the service of Alexander I as the manager of the Little Russian provinces. At the beginning of 1802, he became vice-president of the Military Collegium, and a few months later, minister of the military forces. Carried out the reform of the army. Member of the State Council since 1810. From March 1812 - Minister of Police, and from September 1812 - at the same time Chairman of the Committee of Ministers. Since 1816 - the military governor of St. Petersburg, at the same time received the title of count. He wrote the opera The New Family (1781).

Count Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (1754-1845), maritime minister. The son of the admiral and seascape writer Semyon Mordvinov. He was brought up together with Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich. In 1768 he was promoted to the rank of midshipman. With the promotion to captain of the II rank, he was appointed commander of the battleship "George the Victorious" (1781), a year later he took over the new 74-gun ship "Tsar Konstantin". Since 1785, he was engaged in the construction of shipyards in Kherson and a port in Sevastopol. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, he led the siege and assault on the Ochakov fortress. Due to a quarrel with Prince Potemkin-Tauride, he resigned in 1789, but returned to service a year later. Since 1792, with the rank of Vice Admiral, he commanded the Black Sea Fleet. From 1796 - admiral. In September 1802 he was appointed Minister of the Navy, but already in December he resigned and left the fleet forever. Chairman of the Department of State Economy of the State Council (1810-1812). In 1816 he became chairman of the department of economy, from 1821 to 1838 - a member of the department of civil and spiritual affairs of the State Council. In 1834 he was granted the title of count. As a well-known liberal, he was supposed by the Decembrists to be part of the highest governing body of the state. The only member of the Supreme Criminal Court who, in 1826, refused to sign the death warrant for the Decembrists.

A bit of history:

In pre-Petrine Russia, orders served as central governing bodies. Their number reached eighty, and the functions intersected, some of the orders were built according to the branch, some - according to the territorial principle, others were in charge of a narrow, specific range of issues of servicing the royal court. The name itself comes from a one-time assignment, for which many of them were originally created. At the head of the orders were judges from the boyars, many of them were members of the Duma.

Under Ivan the Terrible, in the cities that were the strongholds of the country's defense, the position of city clerks appeared, appointed from the nobility by the sovereign, reporting directly to him and not dependent on the governor and the Boyar Duma. They were in charge primarily of military and administrative affairs: the storage of stocks of weapons, ammunition, food, the construction of city fortifications, bridges and roads, and the collection of militia. Finally, some of the newly annexed lands were administered by special orders (Siberian, Kazan, Astrakhan) from Moscow.

In the 17th century, after the Time of Troubles, it was necessary to strengthen local power, for which purpose governors began to be appointed to cities with districts. The governor obeyed the order in charge of the city, and served from one to three years; under him was an orderly, or moving out, hut - a kind of office. Each voivode received an “instruction” that determined the scope of his activities, and leaving his position, he handed over his affairs and state property according to the inventory - that is, he was not unaccountable to higher authorities. The powers of the voivods were extensive, in practice they had full power of all clans in the field: they ensured order and improvement, repaired roads, oversaw the court and the procedure for collecting taxes (they were directly involved in elected judges, elders and kissers), recruited service people.

Peter the Great, striving to bring Russia into the circle of European states, could not help but face the need to reorganize both the apparatus and the order of administration. He created new system bodies of supreme and central government, radically reformed local government, regulated the activities of the entire apparatus, changed personnel policy, unified the procedure for serving, established bodies of control over the activities of officials.

On December 12, 1718, instead of the previous orders, the collegiums were established by Emperor Peter I - the highest bodies of state administration in Russia that existed before the establishment of ministries by Emperor Alexander I in 1802. The purpose of the boards was to protect the internal peace and external security of the state, the preservation of good morals and civil order, the encouragement of social and popular activity, the promotion of the economic well-being of the country and the provision of the government with means to set in motion the entire state mechanism.

For this purpose, separate branches of management were distributed among the following 12 colleges: 1) foreign affairs; 2) military; 3) admiralties; 4) spiritual (synod); 5) justice, from which subsequently separated: 6) patrimonial board; 7) manufacturing board; 8) commercial board; 9) erg board; 10) chamber board; 11) headquarters-offices-board; 12) revision board.

The organization, competence and course of the studies of each college were prescribed in the general regulations of February 20, 1720, and in the same year the colleges began their activities in the prescribed manner. Cases decided and not decided up to that time by the Senate were transferred from its office to the offices of the collegiums. The provincial offices and orders were subordinate to the collegiums. The chairman of the collegium could not do anything on his own, and not otherwise than by agreement with his other comrades. The chairmen of the colleges were also senators at the same time.

In Moscow, offices of collegiums were established, in which their representatives (college ranks) changed annually. Over the course of almost a century of existence, the colleges have experienced many changes both in their competencies and in the composition of members. Under Empress Catherine I, the staff of colleges was reduced by half. Further, all colleges, with the exception of the foreign, military and admiralties, which remained under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Privy Council and the Sovereign, were subordinated to the senate. In addition to the 12 named collegiums, over time, the following were established: a) the Little Russian collegium; b) medical board; c) Roman Catholic Theological College; d) Justice College of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish Affairs. Catherine II and Paul I significantly changed the subjects of study and the limits of the power of the colleges, and Emperor Alexander I in 1802 finally abolished them and replaced them with ministries. The word "college" began to refer to some government offices, for example, the collegium of foreign affairs.

On September 8 (20) September 1802, in Russia, on the basis of the Manifesto of Alexander I “On the Establishment of Ministries”, instead of the previously existing collegiums, eight ministries were formed: the military, naval forces, foreign affairs, justice, commerce, public education, finance and internal affairs. Each ministry received an Order, that is, a Regulation that determined its tasks. The largest and most diversified was the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Structural divisions in the ministries were built according to the functional principle. They were called expeditions, later - departments.

In order to unite the activities of the ministries, all the ministers had to, gathering at general meetings, form a “Committee of Ministers”, at whose meetings Emperor Alexander I was often present. Instead of the previous collegiate principle, sole power and responsibility were placed at the basis of the new system: the minister alone managed his department with the help of the chancellery and subordinate institutions, he alone and had to be responsible for all the omissions in the ministry. To discuss the most important state affairs and laws, Alexander arranged an “Indispensable Council”, consisting of twelve members, instead of random and temporary meetings under Empress Catherine II and Emperor Paul I.

In 1811, the internal organization, operation and rights of the ministries were defined by the "General Establishment of the Ministries". The ministries were headed by ministers who had one or more comrades (deputies). The ministers were ex officio members of the Committee of Ministers and the Council of State and had to be present in the Senate.

The main structural subdivisions of ministries were departments (in some ministries - main departments), general office work was carried out in the offices of ministers.

The order of office work, established in 1811, was basically preserved until 1917.

The most significant changes in the composition of the ministries took place in the first half of the 19th century and were associated with the formation of the united Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education (1817-1824), the creation of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Destinies (1826) and the Ministry of State Property (1837). In 1865-1868 and 1880-1881 there was a Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. There were frequent reorganizations of departments and their transfer from one ministry to another.

In October 1905, under the influence of the revolution, the responsibility of the ministers to the State Duma was declared (in fact, the ministers remained completely subordinate to the emperor). The Committee of Ministers was replaced by the Council of Ministers. At the same time, the Ministry of Trade and Industry was formed.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the system of ministries was preserved. On March 1, 1917, commissars from among the members of the State Duma were appointed to the ministries, and on March 3, ministers of the Provisional Government. In May and August 1917, the Provisional Government formed five new ministries: labor, post and telegraph, food, state charity, and confessions.

After the establishment of Soviet power in October 1917, on the basis of the ministries, people's commissariats were created - people's commissariats, which in 1946 were again called ministries.

After a series of transformations, the ministries remain in Russian Federation. Currently, the activities of the Government of Russia are regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". There are 16 ministries in the structure of the Government.

Prepared by the press service of the magazine "Keeper". Materials used: Mayak Radio Company http://www.radiomayak.ru/, Saratov State University http://www.sgu.ru/ "Russian History", portal "Russia congratulates" http://www.prazdniki.ru/, RIA Novosti project "State symbols"

4.3 Financial reform M.M. Speransky

4.1 Formation of the Ministry of Finance

Emperor Alexander I inherited a heavy financial legacy from his predecessors: the total amount of internal and external debts, plus banknotes, was approximately 408 million rubles. - a figure equal to the sum of the then state revenues for four years. Exceptionally favorable circumstances were needed, as well as knowledgeable and honest people in order to overcome the prevailing financial difficulties.

To this end, in 1802-1811. the reform of the supreme governing bodies was carried out. Initially, on September 8, 1802, eight ministries were created (military land forces, naval forces, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce, public education) to replace the old Peter's colleges, later their number increased to 12.

The introductory part of the Manifesto of the Emperor of the Russian Empire Alexander I "On the Establishment of Ministries" determined the need for a reform of the state apparatus in order to strengthen control over state budget revenues and expenditures.

The fifth paragraph of this manifesto directly regulated the activities of the Ministry of Finance and its head. The Minister of Finance was entrusted with the obligation to submit annually at the beginning of October a detailed plan of state revenues and expenditures for the next year.

During the implementation of this manifesto, all responsibility for the issues being resolved fell solely on the ministers, which was more convenient for management. But at the same time, the bureaucratic essence of the state apparatus was strengthened.

In the XVIII century. the organization of financial control did not achieve serious success: the names changed, functions were divided, but the lack of independence of the control bodies hampered their development. In continuation of the reform of the state administration, the Supreme Manifesto of July 25, 1810. Emperor Alexander I establishes the Main Directorate for the Audit of State Accounts, headed by the State Comptroller. Baron Balthazar Kampenghausen became the first State Comptroller in the history of Russia. As a result of this transformation, state control essentially became independent. The management of the audit of public accounts was given the broadest powers. One of his duties was to "see the benefits acquired by the treasury in various operations." These were peculiar sprouts of performance audit. The introduction of the post of State Comptroller and the establishment of a special independent agency have led to positive changes. The previously existing departmental control was retained, but lost its independent significance. However, this situation did not last long; by the end of the reign of Alexander I, many reformist changes were brought to naught. Including the most important principle of financial control - to carry out an audit according to primary documents, which undoubtedly made it possible for officials to hide the true state of affairs.

4.2 The results of the activities of the first Russian ministers

According to the tsar's Manifesto of September 8, ministries, including those of finance, were created instead of collegiums, and Alexei Ivanovich Vasiliev, who at that time had extensive experience in financial administration, was appointed its first head.

He was entrusted with major work - the compilation of the state salary book, since the state office (financial department) did not have accurate information about income and expenses. With the destruction of the State College, Vasiliev was appointed in 1781. to the newly established expedition for the audit of state accounting. Under Paul I, he was appointed State Treasurer (Finance Minister), in this position from 1796 to 1800. supervised the receipt and distribution of treasury taxes and made estimates. Vasiliev introduced significant improvements in accounting, which, under his predecessors, was in an extremely unsatisfactory state. November 22, 1800 he was dismissed, but with the accession to the throne of Alexander I in 1801. reappointed as Treasurer.

With the formation of the Ministry of Finance, a new procedure was established for drawing up a list (budget) of income and expenses for the coming year. The content of the mural was considered a state secret and was hidden even from the Senate. When A.I. Vasiliev presented the first report on his actions for 1802. and the Senate demanded from him information about state revenues and expenditures, the minister explained that, according to the rule and use accepted from long ago, the amount of state revenues and expenditures was considered a state secret. According to this order, the budget until 1806. considered in the Committee of Ministers in the presence of the emperor, then - in the secret financial committee, and only from 1810. its consideration was entrusted to the State Council.

Both before and during the period when the ministry was managed by A.I. Vasiliev, there was no elementary order in public finances. So, in 1802. a deficit of 2 million rubles was supposed. But the execution of the painting did not correspond to the estimate: the overspending was expressed in the amount of 26 million rubles, and the income turned out to be higher than expected by 30 million rubles. Thus, even a slight excess of income over expenses turned out, but the resulting surplus was spent without any system and plan. Murals for 1803 and 1804 were brought together without a deficit, but in the second of them this was achieved by issuing banknotes for 3.5 million rubles. and the transfer of certain expenditures from the accounts of the Treasury to amounts returned from the Assignment Bank. Estimates for 1805, 1806 and 1807 were prepared with a significant deficit, which was covered by sums from the assignation bank, the loan bank and other sources. The discrepancy between the estimated assumptions and the execution of the painting was observed in subsequent years. In 1805 102 million rubles of income was planned, but actually 147 million rubles were received, expenses - 112 million rubles, in reality 125 million rubles were spent.

However, it should be noted that two important measures are connected with Vasiliev's tenure as finance minister. In 1802 received approval of the Charter on State Forests, which introduced significant improvements in the management of forest property. In 1806 The Mining Regulations, worked out under the direct supervision of Vasiliev, received the force of law, which, with minor changes, served for a long time as the basis of mining legislation. In addition, he united the Auxiliary Bank for the Nobility with the Loan Bank, allowed the establishment of private banks in the Livonian and Estonian provinces.

However, these measures did not lead to any significant improvement in public finances in general. Managing the ministry at a time when ever-increasing military spending greatly undermined Russian finances, Vasiliev left the treasury in a difficult state.

Simultaneously with the appointment of Vasilyev as Minister of Finance, Fyodor Alexandrovich Golubtsov took the place of the State Treasurer. After Vasiliev's death, he took the post of Minister of Finance and remained in this position until January 1, 1810.

The economic situation in Russia during his leadership of the ministry was seriously upset due to wars and the dominance of the continental system, and domestic finances were not in the best position. According to a preliminary estimate for 1808. the deficit was 46 million rubles, but then, by adding all sorts of extraordinary income, the estimate was reduced to an excess of income over expenses of 2 million rubles. In reality, the war with Sweden caused a deficit of more than 120 million rubles. The same thing happened with the estimate for 1809, when instead of the supposed excess of revenues over expenditures of 3 million rubles. the result was a deficit of more than 140 million rubles, and this deficit was higher than the then annual income of the state.

Instead of streamlining finances to cover the existing deficit, Golubtsov resorted to various types of loans. And for the first time government debt securities appeared on the domestic Russian market. The conditions for their release and the basic rules were determined by the Supreme Decree of March 25, 1809, according to which the amount of income was determined at 6% per annum and plus 1% grace (premium). The yield on government securities was higher than that provided by government credit institutions. However, the latter had deeper traditions, enjoyed the trust of depositors, an extensive network made them accessible and convenient for the general public, and the population preferred to make contributions to the savings and loan funds, as well as to the Public Charity Orders, although only 5% of the annual income was paid there. Therefore, for the successful placement of securities, its owners were provided with certain benefits. Thus, bonds could be accepted as collateral for all contracts and leases, in a certain part they could be accepted as payment of government fees and customs duties. Interest and grace on the bonds were paid annually in advance for the year. However, the first attempt had little effect: in two years, only 3.3 million rubles worth of bonds were sold.

Despite certain difficulties associated with the formation of the government debt market, in the future in the period from 1809 to 1816. was issued securities in the amount of 354 million rubles. The successful placement of the first loans marked the beginning of the regular use of this source of financing for the state treasury. However, until the middle of the XIX century. internal state loans covered only about 10% of the state debt, the rest of the treasury received through the placement of Russian loans abroad, as well as through the annual issue of paper money, the number of which by 1810. increased to 577 million rubles.

The system of taxes for 1801-1810. did not change at all: the main role in the structure of income was played by salaries and drinking fees, which accounted for up to 60-70% of all income, while others accounted for 30-40%. During this time, the general nature of the cost estimates has not changed either: about half of the costs fell on the Military and Naval Ministries; about 12% went to finance and the state economy; to the Supreme Court - about 10%; the same amount for the administration and the court, as well as for the repayment of public debts, but since these debts were the result of mainly military expenditures, the military expenditures of the state occupied 60% of the total expenditure estimate, while public education accounted for 1-2%.

4.3. Finance reform M.M. Speransky

At the beginning of the XIX century. The government's favorite means of covering deficits was the issuance of banknotes, which for a long time it did not want to recognize as public debt. Already by 1804. they were added (since 1801) by 30 million rubles, and the total amount reached 260.5 million rubles. By 1810 they were released for another 272.5 million rubles. According to the increase in the number of banknotes, their price fell. In 1805 the banknote ruble cost 77 kopecks. silver, then its price, falling in subsequent years, reached in 1809. up to 44.5 kopecks, and in December 1810. - even up to 20 kopecks, and in different places in Russia the exchange rate of the banknote ruble was different.

At that time, the financial economy and, in particular, the account of public debts were conducted randomly. Reports on the execution of budgetary lists were submitted with a great delay: for example, a report for 1809. was presented only in 1816, a report for 1811. - in 1821. This state of public finances required fundamental reforms, and their plan was drawn up by Speransky in 1810.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky is a famous statesman. The son of a priest, born on January 1, 1772, studied at the Vladimir Seminary, then at the main seminary at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg, where at the end of the course he was appointed teacher of mathematics, physics and eloquence, and then philosophy. At the same time, Speransky became the house secretary of Prince Alexei Borisovich Kurakin, settled in his house, where he became close to tutor Brückner, an ardent follower of the views of Voltaire and the Encyclopedists of that time. Upon the accession to the throne of Paul I, Prince Kurakin became the Prosecutor General, in 1797. Speransky joined his office and continued to serve there under his three successors. Soon after the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander I, Speransky received the title of secretary of state and in 1802. transferred to the Ministry of the Interior.

With a preliminary review of the financial situation in 1810. a deficit of 105 million rubles opened up, and Speransky was instructed to draw up a solid financial plan. Professor Balugyansky wrote an extensive note, which Speransky revised and supplemented. It was subjected to a joint discussion with the participation of Pototsky, Mordvinov, Kochubey, Kampenhausen, and then in a special committee that met with the Minister of Finance Guryev. The financial plan prepared in this way was handed over by Alexander I to the chairman of the State Council on the day of its opening - January 1, 1810.

The main idea of ​​Speransky's financial reform was that any financial plan that offers easy ways and does not help in spending is a clear deception that leads the state to destruction. He therefore proposed "strong measures and important donations". His plan consisted of two parts: the first related to 1810, the second - to subsequent years. Speransky considered the immediate task of financial management to be: cessation of the issuance of banknotes; reduction of budget expenditures; establishing better control over government spending; introduction of new taxes.

In pursuance of Speransky's plan Manifesto February 2, 1810. recognized the difficult financial situation of the country and declared banknotes to be state debt - they should be secured by all the wealth of the country, their new issue was stopped, and the activity of the banknote bank was limited only to the exchange of old banknotes for new ones. On the other hand, the manifesto promised to cut spending in 1810. by 20 million rubles, so that the reduction then continues throughout the year, if the opportunity presents itself. The proceeds from spending cuts should be used to pay public debt. All emergency expenses must go through the Council of State. Then the per capita tax increased, as well as salaries and fees from burghers and merchants, the price of salt increased (from 40 kopecks per pood to 1 ruble), a tax was introduced on all lands at 50 kopecks. from the audit soul of this estate, the price of stamped paper increased, customs duties increased, etc. It was also stated that the painting for 1811. "will be proclaimed in advance during this year." Funds for the redemption of banknotes were supposed to be obtained through the sale of uninhabited state lands and an internal loan. This financial plan was approved and a commission was formed to pay off the public debts.

In reality, in 1810, instead of cutting costs, they spent 241 million rubles, which caused a deficit, to cover which they released 43 million rubles. banknotes. Domestic loan 1810 gave 13 million rubles. bank notes and bank notes, state property was sold for only 20% of the estimated amount, which, according to Speransky, was due to the lack of proper management of them. The commission for the repayment of debts, established in 1810, did not live up to expectations, only 5 million rubles were repaid; the monetary system was not streamlined. The most successful measure, which did not cause displeasure against Speransky, was the introduction in 1810. patronizing customs tariff, which legitimized the protectionism of the beginning of the reign of Alexander I (instead of partial prohibitive tariffs of 1804-1805). The new tariff was met with sympathy in Russia, but angered Napoleon as a clear deviation from the continental system. The tariff of 1810, having given a strong impetus to the development of the Russian factory industry, had a positive effect on the improvement of the exchange rate. This was manifested in a gradual but steady increase in the value of the banknote ruble: in January 1811. it cost 19.8 kopecks. silver, and in December - already 29.7 kopecks. This growth continued until September 1812, when the banknote ruble was already worth 64 kopecks, after which its price falls again, dropping to 42 kopecks in December.

No more fortunate was the second part of the Speransky plan, which was intended to streamline the state's revenues and expenditures for the future, showing how exemplary estimates should be drawn up. Rules concerning this were issued on August 29, 1810; they brought more order to accounting, gave a solid start to reporting and verification of financial management, but did not help to avoid in 1810. deficit. The fact is that Speransky's activities in the financial sector met with strong opposition from the then Minister of Finance D.A. Guriev, who systematically hampered their implementation, wanting to prove the impracticality of the reforms. According to the journal of the State Council of August 29, 1810, Guryev was supposed to draw up for 1811. "exemplary" estimate, but in December of this year he reported to the State Council that he could not draw up such an estimate, since the ministries had not yet been completely formed and therefore did not draw up private estimates. Based on this, Guryev made an estimate according to the old model, and according to it, a deficit of 44.8 million rubles was foreseen. The State Council even increased this deficit, finding that another 4.3 million rubles should be added to it. on two articles. But in order to avoid a deficit, the Council decided to add revenues under various items. As a result, the deficit estimate turned out to be deficit-free, with a balance of 6.8 million rubles. But reality destroyed this illusion, and in 1811. ended with a deficit that was only slightly less than originally proposed - 40.4 million rubles. Banknotes were issued to cover the deficit, which was a direct violation of Speransky's plan.

Displeasure against Speransky grew, but his plan was not yet directly abandoned; for 1811 left, for example, in force all the taxes of 1810, which were declared temporary, with the exception of the collection from the landlords' lands. The duty on salt was raised, and according to the new national census, the number of payers was increased.

4.4 Reasons for the failure of reform implementation

After the adoption of Speransky's Plan of Finance, it seemed that a new era of financial management was beginning in Russia. But it only seemed or could seem: the order proclaimed by the Manifesto on February 2, 1810, did not last long and therefore did not have time to give the results that could be expected from it. A little over two years after the financial plan was drawn up, Speransky was removed from business, and the government abandoned the further implementation of his project. But even in these two years, far from everything that was planned was achieved. The opposition of the court noble circles, the opposition of the Minister of Finance Guriev, general dissatisfaction with the new taxes, new military difficulties - all this upset Speransky's reform and weakened its significance.

Report on the execution of the painting in 1812. showed that even the terrible events of 1812 did not teach the ruling bureaucracy financial management. In addition, banknotes worth 64.5 million rubles were issued during the war.

In addition to the general list for the Minister of Finance for 1812, a separate list was drawn up for the commission for the repayment of debts, and its income was separated from the income of the state treasury. Such income was calculated up to 72.4 million rubles; to replenish them, allowances were made in taxes and various duties, new duties were introduced, etc. The Commission for the Redemption of State Debts acted independently and separately from the Ministry of Finance, but it was unable to fulfill its purpose, and the state debt in 1812. not only did not decrease, but even increased. Did not bring significant benefits to the state economy and a number of other measures taken at the beginning of 1812. - extension of the period of validity of the regulation on foreign trade of 1811. for 1812, an increase in certain import duties, etc.

The removal of the Speransky department, which followed on March 17, 1812, was an undoubted blow to public finances. The "Finance Plan" drawn up by him was left without further execution, and Guryev received freedom of action. He, who considered the ideas of Speransky's reform partly true and indisputable, partly intractable and arbitrary, already on March 20 submitted a note to Alexander I. In this note, Guryev noted that it was a big mistake on the part of the government to solemnly recognize its debts in the Manifesto on February 2, 1810. and reckoning banknotes among them, insisting that they do not have any of the properties of a real debt. For his part, he proposed declaring banknotes as signs of the state coin.

The first blow to Speransky's plan was the decree of April 3, 1812. "On the union of the State Council of the departments of laws and state economy and on the rights thereof during the Highest absence from the capital." After this decree, the chairman of the department of state economy N.S. Mordvinov, who was a supporter of Speransky's reforms, resigned, which was a serious loss for state finances, but freed Guryev from a knowledgeable and authoritative opponent. In addition, by decree of April 3, all financial measures taken after 1810 were to be reviewed. Already on April 9, a decree appears that returns the value of a counting monetary unit to banknotes, retaining, however, the former monetary unit, defined by the Manifesto of June 20, 1810. For payments to the treasury, the decree of April 9 established a temporary mandatory exchange rate for banknotes, only in some cases giving payers the freedom to choose between silver and banknotes when paying government fees. With regard to private transactions, the decree gave the contracting parties more scope. As a result, two independent types of money appeared - metal and paper, the ratio of the value of which was established not by law, but by agreement of individuals, and at the same time almost for each transaction separately; which was subsequently followed by terrible fluctuations in the rate of banknotes.

One of the main provisions of Speransky's "Finance Plan" - the reduction in the amount of paper money - was completely destroyed. Attempts made by Guryev to stabilize the exchange rate of the banknote ruble by withdrawing them from circulation (300 million rubles) were unsuccessful. The rate of banknotes rose slightly, trade turnover was negligible and continued to fall, industry did not develop, money from precious metal floated abroad, and the budget deficit did not decrease. For a ruble of silver they gave 4 rubles in banknotes.

During the first 11 years of the reign of Alexander 1, the financial economy never got out of a state of constant instability, neither the system of taxes (indirect ones still prevailed over direct ones), nor the system of exploitation of state property, nor the nature of expenditure and income estimates, nor ways to cover deficits have changed. All this led to the fact that Russia met the war of 1812. financially unprepared, and only new economic resources, opened up thanks to the beginning of the transition to a capitalist economy, helped the country cope with the difficulties of the war.

According to the press service of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, on December 18, 2018, in Moscow, under the leadership of the President of Russia - Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Vladimir Putin, extended meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry of Defense.

The work of the expanded Board was attended by the commanders-in-chief of the branches and the commanders of the branches of the armed forces, the heads of the central bodies of military administration, the command staff of the military districts, fleets, formations and individual formations of the Armed Forces of our country.

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief assessed the course of military construction and activities of the Armed Forces in 2018, determined the main directions of their further development(text of speech). The Minister of Defense of Russia, General of the Army Sergei Shoigu made a report at the meeting of the Board.

Abstracts of the report of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, General of the Army S.K. Shoigu at an expanded meeting of the Collegium of the Russian Ministry of Defense:

The past year was marked by a further complication of the military-political situation in the world. The build-up of the military potential of the United States and NATO continues.

Since June 2018, in order to achieve superiority in outer space, the United States has begun to create a new type of military force - the Space Force. Since August, the second operational fleet of the US Navy has been recreated. Its main task will be to expand the American military presence in the Arctic.

A decision was made to form two new commands by 2022 - the NATO Joint Command Atlantic and the Joint Logistics Command. This will allow the alliance to ensure the transfer of troops from the United States to Europe and their accelerated deployment near Russian borders.

In 2019, the main and alternate transport routes will be determined. By 2020, a mechanism for coordinating cross-border transfers has been formed, and the time for obtaining the necessary permits will be reduced from 15 to 5 days.

This year, the United States has already spent six billion three hundred million dollars on work to develop a forward basing system, mainly in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

In Norway, 60 kilometers from the Russian border construction of infrastructure for the deployment of the new Globus-3 radar is underway. This year, the number of US Marines stationed in Norway has been doubled to 700 people.

Poland has agreed to host an armored division of the US ground forces on its territory and to allocate up to two billion dollars to create infrastructure for it.

Instead of maintaining strategic stability, the US plans to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

The US military budget next year will increase from seven hundred seven to a record seven hundred and twenty five and a half billion dollars, which is comparable to the total annual military budget of all countries in the world.

NATO countries are bringing their share in the alliance's budget to 2% of their national GDP.

More than 2 times compared to last year, they increased the number of exercises.

Increasingly, non-NATO states – Georgia, Ukraine, Sweden and Finland – are being involved in them.

The number of reconnaissance flights in the Western and South-Western directions increased by 10%. We are closely monitoring the situation. Not a single measure of the military activity of foreign states was left without attention. The results of each of them are analyzed and taken into account in the combat training of the troops.

The modern, mobile, compact and combat-ready Russian army is ready to counteract existing and future threats without increasing its numbers and increasing the military budget.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief, in accordance with the plans approved by you, the quality of the Armed Forces is being improved.

A program for manning the Armed Forces with contract servicemen is being implemented as planned. By the end of 2025, their number will reach 475,600 military personnel, while the need to call up citizens for military service will be proportionally reduced to 220,000.

The officer corps of the Armed Forces is staffed with trained professional personnel. All commanders of military districts, combined arms armies, air force and air defense armies, division commanders, as well as 96% of commanders of combined arms brigades and regiments have combat experience.

Strategic nuclear forces are maintained at a level that allows for guaranteed nuclear deterrence. The task set in 2017 to bring the Strategic Nuclear Forces to the level of modernity of 82% has been achieved. This year, another missile regiment equipped with the Yars mobile ground-based missile system has taken up combat duty. Aviation strategic nuclear forces were replenished with modernized aircraft - one Tu-160 and four Tu-95ms.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief, your instruction to confirm the possibility of salvo launches from strategic missile submarines and Tu-160 missile carriers has been completed.

In May of this year, the Yuri Dolgoruky strategic missile submarine successfully launched four Bulava ballistic missiles at the Kura range in Kamchatka. Shooting such a number of missiles on submarines of this project was carried out for the first time. In November, the Tu-160 strategic missile carrier, after the modernization, successfully launched 12 XA-101 air-launched cruise missiles at the Pemboi test site located beyond the Arctic Circle.

In contrast to the US deployment of a global missile defense system, the Armed Forces are building up their strike potential. High-precision hypersonic aviation-missile systems "Kinzhal" are on experimental combat duty. They performed 89 patrol flights in the waters of the Black and Caspian Seas.

On December 1, 2018, the installations of the Peresvet combat laser complex took up experimental combat duty. Throw tests of a heavy intercontinental ballistic missile of the Sarmat strategic complex were successfully carried out. In 2019, the first missile regiment, armed with a strategic missile system with a planning winged unit Avangard, will take up combat duty. All these means will ensure guaranteed penetration of the most modern anti-missile system. In addition, tests have begun on the lead submarine of the Borey-A project, which is distinguished by increased stealth and reliability compared to foreign counterparts.

As for the general forces. The task of raising the level of modern weapons in the Ground Forces this year was exceeded by 2.3%. This figure has been increased to 48.3%. The troops received 2,200 new and modernized weapons, and 10 formations and military units were formed.

In the interests of the Aerospace Forces, in 2018, 126 modern aircraft and helicopters, nine spacecraft, and 120 units of air defense equipment were delivered. The share of modern weapons in the Air Force reached 64%, and in general in the Aerospace Forces it was brought up to the target figure for this year - 74%. The equipment of the Navy with new weapons and equipment exceeded the planned figures and is 62.3%. The combat strength includes 14 ships and combat boats, as well as 11 support vessels, four Bal and Bastion coastal missile systems.

In 2018, the Airborne Forces received more than 300 main types of weapons, military and special equipment and over 11,000 sets of airborne personnel, weapons and cargo. The share of modern weapons and equipment in the Airborne Forces amounted to the planned 63.7%.

The creation of medium-range unmanned reconnaissance strike systems is nearing completion. From next year, they will begin to enter the troops. Every year, as part of the state defense order, the troops receive more than 300 short-range and short-range aircraft. Their number in the Armed Forces exceeded 2,100 units.

The automated command and control system of the Armed Forces is being improved as a matter of priority. For the purpose of balanced development of all its components, a comprehensive targeted program is being implemented. It allowed for the first time to create all the elements of a promising automated control system on the domestic software and hardware platform. Due to deliveries this year to the Armed Forces of more than 31,000 units of communications equipment, the level of equipment modern means management increased in the troops to the target figure of 66%.

In general, all the activities provided for by the activity plan of the Ministry of Defense and the state defense order for 2018 have been completed. We adhere to the established indicators for equipping the Armed Forces, their maintenance and allocation necessary funds for R&D.

For some types of weapons, such as airplanes and helicopters, we are reaching the targets. In this regard, the tasks you set for diversification become especially relevant.

In many respects, the creation of a unified information system for settlements under the State Defense Order, on your instruction, has contributed to the increase in the efficiency of the execution of the state defense order, within the framework of which a methodology for maintaining separate accounting of financial and economic activities has been developed and implemented this year. It allows you to receive and process reports of organizations - executors of the state defense order - separately for state assignments and for other economic activities. The set of measures carried out will allow monitoring the pricing of products supplied under the state defense order.

The Armed Forces, receiving new and modernized models of weapons and equipment on a regular basis, continued their development and intensive combat training. Six sudden comprehensive checks of combat readiness were carried out with the participation of all military districts, types and branches of the Armed Forces.

The largest troop training event in history modern Russia became the maneuvers "Vostok-2018". They were held in an international format, with the involvement of military units of the People's Liberation Army of China and the Armed Forces of Mongolia. In terms of the number of troops, the number of weapons and military equipment this event is comparable to the West-81 maneuvers, and in terms of territorial scope and scale of regroupings, such events were not carried out even in Soviet times.

In 2018, the Navy conducted its first major naval exercise in the eastern Mediterranean. The grouping of 28 warships and vessels, as well as 36 naval aviation aircraft, has shown the ability to effectively carry out the assigned tasks to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation in the Mediterranean Sea. The level of field, air, and naval training of personnel has increased. In just a year, over 18,000 exercises and trainings at various levels were conducted in the Armed Forces. The intensity of interspecific training increased by 16%, and the number of bilateral exercises increased by 20%.

Every year, the interest of foreign countries in the International Army Games, which have become the most important integral part combat training. Competitions and games were held in seven countries: Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, for the first time in Armenia and Iran. 189 teams took part in them, and these are 4,700 participants from 32 states. The Games, along with the international military-technical forum "Army", are also a good demonstration of the capabilities and advantages of domestic weapons over foreign counterparts. They make a significant contribution to filling the export portfolio of orders for Russian military equipment.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

In December last year, the operation of the Armed Forces in Syria was completed. 96% of its territory has been liberated from terrorist groups. This was reported in detail at the conclusion of the operation.

In accordance with your instruction, the withdrawal of the main group from Syria has been completed. Equipment and weapons that are not part of our bases in Khmeimim and Tartus have been withdrawn to Russian territory. The size of the group has been reduced and brought to the established state, which is sufficient to complete the tasks. Their composition is typical, and the number is comparable to our military bases operating in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Armenia.

In addition, the assigned tasks are carried out by military advisers, special operations forces, military personnel of the Center for the Reconciliation of Warring Parties and the military police. Aviation flights were reduced from 100-110 per day to 2-4 sorties per week, mainly for additional reconnaissance of the situation.

The most important result achieved in the spring and summer of 2018 was the transfer to the control of the Syrian government army without the use of force of the suburbs of Damascus, eastern Ghouta, eastern Qalamoun and Yarmuk, the northern regions of the province of Homs, as well as the provinces of Es-Suwayda, Darya and Al Quneitra. This was made possible thanks to active work Russian Center for the Reconciliation of Warring Parties with Warlords, the Opposition and the Government of Syria.

With the stabilization of the situation in the republic, a large-scale program was launched to restore peaceful life and return refugees. To coordinate this work in Russia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, interdepartmental coordinating headquarters have been created, in cooperation with authorized international organizations, they resolve issues of returning refugees and providing everything necessary. Since July 18 of this year, 68,230 people have already returned to Syrian soil from these countries. In total, more than 1.5 million refugees and internally displaced persons have returned to their places of residence since 2015.

This year, the Russian Center for the Reconciliation of Warring Parties has provided 86 humanitarian convoys of the United Nations and various international organizations, conducted 294 humanitarian actions, provided medical assistance to 37,000 people, and provided food to 163,000 civilians.

The most important stage in the settlement of the conflict is the organization of a political dialogue. The negotiations in the Astana format gave it the maximum acceleration. The Syrian National Dialogue Congress was successfully held in Sochi in January, which laid the foundation for the formation of a constitutional committee. Thus, political conditions are being created to preserve the state integrity of the Syrian Arab Republic. The combat experience gained in Syria has been summarized and is being actively introduced into the educational process of [military] universities. The transition to electronic media has been completed in all military educational institutions - this is 12,000 electronic teaching aids. As a result of the introduction of modern forms of education, the overall level of training of cadets is significantly increased. For five years they have shown high achievements in the course of international Olympiads.

The action "Geographical dictation" contributes to the development of horizons. More than 150,000 people from the Armed Forces participated in it. Since this year, a military-historical dictation has begun. About 50,000 military personnel were already involved in it.

This year completed the restoration of the military education system, which allowed the universities of the Ministry of Defense to conduct a full-fledged graduation. More than 12,000 officers have been sent to the Armed Forces. All graduates were appointed to military positions in accordance with the specialties they received, and an experienced mentor was assigned to each.

The prestige of military education among young people is increasing. The competition for the first courses of our universities this year reached 8 people, and in a number of educational institutions - up to 20 people per place. Students from 81 states are studying at the universities of the Ministry of Defense, which exceeds the Soviet era. In accordance with your instruction, Vladimir Vladimirovich, military training of 60,000 students is being carried out in 93 military training centers and universities without interruption from their studies.

The educational and material base of pre-university educational organizations is actively developing. A new multifunctional building with a total area of ​​52,000 m², equipped with modern teaching and laboratory equipment, has been commissioned at the Nakhimov Naval School. In total, since 2013, 15 pre-university educational organizations have been created, including four Suvorov military schools, three Presidential cadet schools, three branches of the Nakhimov naval school, two cadet corps and three schools for gifted children. For the first time open cadet games were held with great success, next year they will acquire an international scale.

Scientific companies are a reliable source for increasing the military-scientific potential of the Armed Forces. Since their creation, 459 servicemen have become officers. A total of 1,285 developments were introduced, 110 inventions were registered. To conduct innovative scientific research, the Ministry of Defense created the ERA military technopolis. It deployed 18 laboratories, which were equipped with 600 units of unique equipment. Representatives of 32 leading industrial enterprises and scientific organizations, as well as operators of four newly created scientific companies, were involved in the research. The implementation of this project will contribute to the development of fundamental and applied science, as well as the creation of high-tech production.

Innovative approaches are being implemented in the Effective Army program. In five years, we have covered the deficit of basic indicators in terms of logistics and utilities in the face of rising prices for these services. At the same time, as part of the measures taken, the Ministry of Defense does not request additional financial resources to increase military spending.

The annual effect from the work of the restored full-time military repair bodies totals about 1 billion rubles in budget savings. The installation of 730 access control and food ordering control systems in the canteens of military units produced an economic effect of about 3 billion rubles. At the same time, the installation and equipment of 111,000 utility meters in all military camps made it possible to save 5,300 million rubles.

At present, together with NOVATEK, a pilot project is being developed to convert two boiler houses in the Murmansk region to liquefied natural gas. Based on its results, a program will be developed for the conversion of all boiler houses operating on this type of fuel to this type of fuel. diesel fuel and on naval fuel oil. The economic effect from one such boiler house will be 10–12 million rubles annually, and we have 3,921 such boiler houses.

The repair shops restored at the arsenals have returned 550,000 missiles and ammunition to service this year alone. Their purchase would cost the budget 63 billion rubles. Since 2016, about 590,000 pieces of new modern ammunition closures have been purchased and delivered to the arsenals. This allowed us to save 1,400 million rubles annually.

In order to reduce the cost of maintaining property not used by the Armed Forces, it is being transferred to the ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Since 2013, 3,210 houses, 8,144 housing and communal and gas facilities, 1,482 social facilities and 16,565 industrial facilities have been transferred. The overall economic effect is 9,300 million rubles.

The main result of the change in the functioning of the military construction complex was the acceleration of the pace of construction work on the construction of special housing and infrastructure facilities. This made it possible to achieve synchronization and the creation of infrastructure with the timing of weapons and military equipment entering the troops.

This year, construction, reconstruction and overhaul of 3,573 buildings and structures with a total area of ​​3,600,000 m² were completed. Compared to last year, the pace of construction associated with the commissioning of buildings and structures increased by 6% with the same amount of funding. This is achieved through the use of standard and modern technological projects. As a result, the cost of building one square meter of facilities of the Ministry of Defense does not exceed 32,000 rubles, which is lower than in the country as a whole. For one invested ruble, there is one ruble 40 kopecks of the introduced fixed assets.

The main part of the work on the reconstruction of the airfield network is coming to an end. More than 3,700,000 m² of artificial airfield surfaces have been laid at 19 airfields.

We are completing the equipping of missile brigades armed with Iskander-M missile systems. In the period from 2013 to 2018, 458 buildings and structures were built for 10 missile brigades. All Iskander-M complexes delivered to the troops are kept in standard conditions and are ready for use.

In order to improve and optimize the storage sites for weapons, missiles and ammunition, 366 out of 580 storage facilities were built, including 221 this year. This will allow placing 218,000 tons of ammunition in them, the construction of the storage facilities will be completed in 2019.

The construction of infrastructure for the Yars mobile and silo-based missile systems, which are being delivered to the Strategic Missile Forces, is being actively continued. Combat launch positions for 6 missile regiments have been fully put into operation, and places for combat duty have been equipped in 7 regiments. This year, the first pilot production and logistics complex "Nara" began to operate, about 2,000 pieces of equipment and about 18,000 tons of material assets were transferred to its funds, which made it possible to disband 4 out of 27 unpromising, obsolete bases and warehouses. Next year, the construction of two more production and logistics complexes in Sevastopol and Arkhangelsk will begin by attracting private investment on the terms of concession agreements.

Oil companies have commissioned 12 refueling complexes at the airfields of the Armed Forces, and the construction of three more is nearing completion. Rosneft and LUKOIL joined this project. In 2019, they will begin construction of 12 complexes. The total investment in this project by oil companies has already amounted to about 17 billion rubles.

In the course of creating infrastructure in the Arctic, the construction of 20 facilities for the launch minimum for the resumption of flights at the Severomorsk-1 airfield was completed. The runway was reconstructed on it, which is equipped with modern means of radio engineering and lighting support for flights. On the island of Alexandra Land, the construction of 59 buildings and structures of the military city for the radar department and the aviation guidance point is being completed.

The reconstruction of the Temp airfield on Kotelny Island continues.

The construction of a block-modular camp in the village of Tiksi has begun to accommodate units of the Third Air Defense Division of the Northern Fleet, which will be formed next year.

In 2019, we will complete the creation of infrastructure for the deployment of air defense radar units and aviation guidance points on the islands of Sredny, Wrangel and Cape Schmidt.

The Armed Forces are completing the elimination of environmental damage in the Arctic in the territories where troops are stationed. In total, since 2015, 104,000 km² of territory has been cleared by environmental units. Collected 18,572 tons of scrap metal, 16,000 tons removed. 9,000 left to clear km² , that is, about 9% of the territory.

In accordance with your instruction, Vladimir Vladimirovich, given at an expanded meeting of the collegium of the Ministry of Defense last year, work was carried out jointly with the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to resolve social issues for servicemen and their families.

Its result was a 97% reduction in the queue for preschool institutions and a decrease of almost 99% in the number of military families in need of employment; in 80 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, this issue has been resolved in full.

In the republics of Dagestan, North Ossetia-Alania and Sakhalin region So far, 202 children remain without places in kindergartens. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense fully implemented the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation to transfer 467 kindergartens to the jurisdiction of local governments.

Plans to provide permanent housing for servicemen have been fully implemented. During the current year, 8,300 military personnel received it, of which 2,800 were apartments, 5,500 were housing subsidies.

The rate of formation of specialized housing stock has been increased by 5.5 times. This made it possible to increase its volume to 78,000 service dwellings. In 2018, 16,500 apartments were included in this fund, and 35,500 military families were provided with service housing.

The development of the accumulative mortgage system continues. This year, another 43,000 military personnel are included in it, which is 2 times more than in previous years. At the same time, more than 64% of the participants are private and non-commissioned servicemen who have signed new contracts.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

Thanks to the implementation of the decisions you made on indexing the monetary allowance of military personnel, its size adheres to the level of remuneration of workers in the leading sectors of the economy. As part of the execution of the May decrees, annual indexation of pensions and monetary allowances is envisaged.

We have completed the creation of a network of modern military medicine, we have reached the provision of a full range of high-tech medical care at the level of international standards, we have completed the work begun in 2013 to transfer 29 polyclinic hospitals to the Ministry of Health and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The appearance of medical institutions has changed: they are equipped with modern equipment, telemedicine consultations and air ambulance evacuation systems are deployed and functioning. As a result, over the course of three years, the incidence rate among military personnel decreased by 16%, and for the most relevant pathology - respiratory diseases - by 23%.

More than 15,000 patients this year received high-tech medical care. 187 emergency and scheduled telemedicine consultations were held for the military personnel of individual garrisons. Since the beginning of the use of multifunctional medical innovative modules, more than 1,400 lives have been saved.

In accordance with your decree, this year we started creating military-political bodies. One of the most important areas of military-political work is the patriotic education of servicemen of the Armed Forces and youth.

Every year the Yunarmiya movement is expanding, today it is represented in every subject of Russia and unites 276,125 teenagers. During the summer period, 1,637 youth camps and 26 expeditions were held. This is 15 times higher than last year. The number of participants was 83 thousand children and adolescents.

Following the example of pioneer houses and orphanages of creativity, houses of Yunarmiya members and Patriot parks are being created in the garrisons, which will provide children with the opportunity to study in circles and sections all year round.

The Army-2018 International Military-Technical Forum has become an effective form of establishing interaction between the authorities and the business community in the development of international military-technical cooperation. Representatives of 118 countries of the world, including 102 official military delegations, took part in its work, which is twice as many as last year. This indicates the growth of his popularity and international recognition.

Military cooperation activities this year covered 98 countries. In the field of military-technical cooperation, China, India, Egypt, Algeria, and Vietnam remained priority areas for us. We have increased military contacts within ASEAN, we are actively participating in the “SMOA Plus” dialogue mechanism, and we have continued to strengthen allied relations with the CSTO, CIS and SCO countries.

25 international exercises of various levels were held, the most large-scale of them were the CSTO CRRF exercises "Interaction-2018", the SCO maneuvers "Peace Mission - 2018". This year's annual Moscow Conference on International Security was attended by a record number of delegates, over 850 representatives from 95 countries and eight international organizations.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

All tasks set for 2018 have been completed by the Armed Forces. An increase in combat capabilities by 11% and a predetermined level of maintaining the country's defense capability were ensured.

There is a qualitative and quantitative growth of the main indicators compared to 2017. In general, the equipping of the army and navy with modern weapons has reached 61.5%.

In 2019, the Ministry of Defense will have to solve a number of priority tasks. As for the strategic nuclear forces: put 31 launchers with Yars and Avangard intercontinental ballistic missiles on combat duty in the Strategic Missile Forces. Introduce four modernized Tu-95 strategic missile carriers into combat. To accept the lead nuclear submarine of the Borey-A project, Prince Vladimir, armed with Bulava ballistic missiles, into the fleet.

For general purposes. As part of the improvement of district army kits in the Ground Forces, form 11 formations of military units, supply 719 modern armored vehicles, one brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems, two brigades of S-400V4, Buk-M3 anti-aircraft missile systems to the coastal troops of the Navy and the Airborne Forces, to bring the share of modern models to 50.8%.

To supply the Aerospace Forces, Naval Aviation and Air Defense Forces of the Navy with 143 new and modernized aircraft, two regimental sets of S-400 Triumph anti-aircraft missile systems, one Vityaz anti-aircraft missile system and seven divisional sets of the Pantsir anti-aircraft missile and gun system.

To bring the share of modern weapons of military and special equipment in the Air Force to 65% , and in the Aerospace Forces - up to 81.8%. To ensure the fulfillment of the tasks of experimental combat duty of the Unified Space System.

Introduce 12 ships and combat boats, two submarines, 12 support vessels into the combat strength of the Navy. To put four coastal missile systems "Bal" and "Bastion" into the troops. In general, the share of modern models in the Navy should be increased to 64% .

As a result, ensure the timely placement and strict execution of the tasks of the state defense order for 2019 and reach the level of equipping the Armed Forces with modern weapons and equipment - 67%.

Prepare and conduct 18,500 various exercises and drills, including the Center-2019 strategic command and staff exercise and the Grom strategic nuclear force exercise.

Put into operation 3,751 buildings and structures in sync with the timing of the armaments and military equipment entering the troops. Complete environmental work in the Arctic, clean up the remaining 9,000 km².

To build the Presidential Cadet School in Kemerovo, a boarding school for students of the Ministry of Defense in St. Petersburg. To intensify military-patriotic work among the youth, to bring the number of Yunarmiya members to 500,000 teenagers.

In the next three years, solve the problem of building ice rinks, swimming pools and sports towns in all pre-university institutions of the Ministry of Defense.

Continue the implementation of the "Effective Army" program.

By 2020, complete the implementation of a system for recording the personal data of military personnel using the Passport electronic cards.

Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief!

Solutions identified in the course of the work of problematic issues are taken into account in the activity plans of the Ministry of Defense for 2019–2025.

The report is finished.