According to research, 80 to 85% of traffic accidents and disasters are caused by cars. Car manufacturers understand that vehicle safety is an important advantage over competitors in the market, as well as the fact that road safety in general depends on the safety of one car. The causes of accidents can be different - this is the human factor, and the condition of the road, and meteorological conditions, and the designers have to take into account the entire spectrum of threats. Therefore, modern security systems provide both active and passive protection of the car, and consist of a complex complex of various devices and devices, from anti-lock braking systems (hereinafter - ABS) and anti-skid systems to airbags.

Active safety and accident prevention

A reliable vehicle allows the driver to preserve his life and health, and at the same time the life and health of passengers on modern, jam-packed routes. Car safety is usually divided into passive and active. Active refers to those design solutions or systems that reduce the likelihood of an accident.

Active safety allows you to change the nature of the movement without fear of the car getting out of control.

Active safety depends on the design of the car, the ergonomics of the seats and the interior as a whole, systems that prevent glass from freezing, and visors are of great importance. Systems that signal breakdowns, prevent brakes from locking or monitor overspeed are also classified as active safety.

The visibility of a vehicle on the road, as determined by its color, can also play a role in accident prevention. So, bright yellow, red and orange car bodies are considered safer, and in the absence of snow, white is added to their number.

At night, various reflective surfaces are responsible for active safety, which the car is visible in the headlights. For example, license plate surfaces coated with special paint.

Convenient, ergonomic placement of devices on the dashboard and visual access to them contribute to the prevention of accidents.

If an accident does happen, the driver and passengers are protected by passive safety equipment and systems. Most of the special devices and passive safety systems are located in the front part of the passenger compartment, since in case of accidents, first of all, the windshield, steering column, front doors of the car and the dashboard suffer.

Seat belts are a simple and inexpensive product that is extremely effective.

Currently, in many countries, including Russia, their presence and use is mandatory.

A more sophisticated passive protection system is the airbag.

Originally created as an alternative to a belt and a means to avoid injuries to the driver's chest (injuries to the steering wheel are one of the most common in accidents), in modern cars, pillows can be installed not only in front of the driver and passenger, but also mounted in the doors in order to to protect against side impact. The disadvantage of these systems is the extremely loud sound when filled with gas. The noise is so strong that it exceeds the pain threshold and can even damage the eardrum. Also, pillows will not save if the car rolls over. For these reasons, experiments are being carried out to introduce safety nets, which will later replace the pillows.

In a frontal impact, the driver has the opportunity to injure his legs, therefore, in modern cars, pedal assemblies should also be injury-free. In the event of a collision in such a unit, the pedals are separated, which helps to protect the legs from injury.

Click on the picture to enlarge

Backseat

Child car seats and special belts that securely fix the child's body and prevent it from moving around the cabin in the event of an accident can ensure the safety of very young passengers for whom ordinary seat belts are not suitable.

In the event of a sudden overload affecting the passenger's torso, it is possible to damage the cervical vertebrae. Therefore, the rear seats, like the front ones, are equipped with head restraints.

A secure fit of the seats is also very important: the passenger seat must withstand an overload of 20g to ensure proper safety in the event of an accident.

Design features

As already mentioned, the car itself must be designed in such a way as to provide maximum safety for people. And this is achieved not only by ergonomics. Last but not least is the strength of various structural elements. For some elements, it should be increased, while for others, on the contrary.

So, in order to ensure reliable passive safety of passengers and the driver, the middle part of the body or frame must have increased strength, and the front and rear parts, on the contrary. Then, when the front and rear parts of the structure collapse, part of the impact energy is spent on deformation, and the more durable middle part easily withstands a collision, does not deform or break. Parts that should be crumpled on impact are made of brittle materials.

The steering wheel must withstand the impact, but not break the driver's sternum and ribs.

Therefore, the steering wheel hubs are made of large diameter and covered with elastic shock-absorbing materials.

Glass in cars also serves the purpose of passive safety: unlike ordinary window glass, it does not break into large pieces with sharp edges, but crumbles into small cubesthat can cut neither the driver nor the passengers.

Technology at the service of active safety

The modern market offers many reliable and effective active safety systems. The most common and famous are anti-lock braking systems, which prevent the wheels from slipping that occurs when the wheels are locked. If there is no slip, then the car will not skid.

ABS allows you to make maneuvers during braking and fully control the movement of the vehicle until it stops completely.

The ABS electronics receive signals from the wheel rotation sensors. Then it analyzes the information and, by means of a hydromodulator, affects the braking system, for short periods of time "releasing" the brakes so that they turn. This avoids skidding and slipping.

Anti-slip systems are built on the structural basis of the ABS, which analyze the data on the wheel speed and control the engine torque.

Vehicle stability control systems improve vehicle safety by maintaining direction of travel. Such devices themselves can determine the emergency situation, interpreting the driver's actions in comparison with the parameters of the car's movement. If the system recognizes the situation as emergency, it begins to correct the movement of the machine in several ways: braking, changing the motor torque, adjusting the position of the front wheels... There are devices that also signal the driver about danger and build up pressure in the braking system, increasing its efficiency.

Pedestrian detection systems can reduce the death rate of downed pedestrians by 20%. They recognize the person on the course of the vehicle and automatically reduce its speed. The use of a special pedestrian airbag in conjunction with this system makes the car even safer for those who do not have a car.

In order to prevent blocking of the rear wheels, a pressure redistribution system is used. Its task is to equalize the brake fluid pressure based on the readings of the sensors.

conclusions

The use of active and passive safety systems reduces the risk of accidents and injuries if an accident does occur.

Passive safety is built around absorbing the impact energy of body parts, engine or passenger's body and preventing dangerous structural deformations that can lead to injury to people in the passenger compartment.

Active safety is aimed at warning the driver about a threat and adjusting control systems, braking, changing torque.

Technologies in this industry are developing rapidly, and the market is constantly filled with new, more modern and efficient systems, making road traffic safer every year.

Moscow State

Automobile and Road Institute

(Technical University)

CORPORATE FACULTY

ABSTRACT for the course

"Organization of road transport and traffic safety"

ON THE TOPIC OF

« Passive vehicle safety»

Completed by student V.L. Kharchenko.

Group 3 ZPS

Checked by Vladimir Mikhailovich Belyaev

MOSCOW 2009

Introduction

2. Seat belts

3. Airbags

4. Headrests

5.Crash-proof steering gear

6. Emergency exits

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

A modern automobile is inherently a hazardous device. Taking into account the social significance of the car and its potential danger during operation, manufacturers equip their cars with tools that contribute to its safe operation. Of the complex of means with which a modern car is equipped, passive safety means are of great interest. Passive vehicle safety must ensure the survival and minimization of the number of injuries to the passengers of the vehicle involved in a road traffic accident.

In recent years, passive vehicle safety has become one of the most important elements from the point of view of manufacturers. Huge funds are invested in the study of this topic and its development due to the fact that firms care about the health of customers.

I will try to explain a few definitions hidden under the broad definition of "passive safety".

It is subdivided into external and internal.

Internal measures include measures to protect people sitting in the car by means of special interior equipment. External passive safety includes measures to protect passengers by imparting special properties to the body, for example, the absence of sharp corners, deformation.

Passive safety is a set of units and devices that allow you to save the life of car passengers in an accident. Includes, but is not limited to:

1. airbags;

2. crushing or soft elements of the front panel;

3. a folding steering column;

4.trauma-safe pedal assembly - in a collision, the pedals are separated from the attachment points and reduce the risk of injury to the driver's legs;

5.inertial seat belts with pretensioners;

6.Energy absorbing elements of the front and rear parts of the car, crumpled upon impact - bumpers;

7. seat head restraints - protect the passenger's neck from serious injuries when the car is struck from behind;

8.safe glasses: tempered, which, when broken, crumble into many mild fragments and triplex;

9.Roadsters, reinforced A-pillars and upper windshield frame in roadsters and convertibles, crossbars in the doors.

1.BODY

It provides acceptable loads on the human body from a sharp deceleration in an accident and preserves the space of the passenger compartment after body deformation.

In a severe accident, there is a danger that the engine and other components may enter the driver's cab. Therefore, the cab is surrounded by a special "safety cage", which is an absolute protection in such cases. The same ribs and stiffening bars can be found in car doors (in case of side collisions). This also includes the areas of energy extinguishing.

In a severe accident, a sudden and sudden deceleration occurs until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. This process causes huge overloads on the bodies of passengers, which can be fatal. From this it follows that it is necessary to find a way to "slow down" the deceleration in order to reduce the load on the human body. One way to accomplish this is to design collision dampening areas in the front and rear of the body. The destruction of the car will be more severe, but the passengers will remain intact (and this is in comparison with the old "thick-skinned" cars, when the car got off with a "slight fright", but the passengers were seriously injured).

The body structure provides that in a collision, the body parts are deformed as if separately. In addition, high-stress metal sheets are used in the construction. This makes the car more rigid, and on the other hand, allows it to be less heavy.

2. SEAT BELTS

At first, cars were equipped with two-point belts that "held" the riders by the stomach or chest. Less than half a century later, engineers realized that the multi-point design is much better, because in an accident it allows you to distribute the belt pressure on the body surface more evenly and significantly reduce the risk of injury to the spine and internal organs. In motorsport, for example, four-, five- and even six-point seat belts are used - they keep a person in the seat "tightly". But in "civilian" because of their simplicity and convenience, three-point have taken root.

In order for the belt to function properly, it must fit snugly to the body. Previously, belts had to be adjusted and adjusted to fit. With the advent of inertial belts, the need for "manual adjustment" has disappeared - in the normal state, the coil spins freely, and the belt can grab a passenger of any size, it does not constrain the action and every time the passenger wants to change the position of the body, the strap always fits snugly to the body. But at that moment, when "force majeure" comes, the inertial coil will immediately fix the belt. In addition, on modern machines, squibs are used in belts. Small charges of explosives detonate, yank the belt, and it pushes the passenger against the back of the seat, preventing him from hitting.

Seat belts are one of the most effective means of protection in an accident.

Therefore, passenger cars must be equipped with seat belts if anchorage points are provided for this. The protective properties of belts largely depend on their technical condition. Belts malfunctions, in which the operation of the car is not allowed, include tears and abrasions of the fabric tape of the straps visible to the naked eye, unreliable fixation of the tongue of the strap in the lock or the absence of automatic ejection of the tongue when the lock is unlocked. For inertial-type seat belts, the strap should be freely drawn into the reel and blocked when the car moves sharply at a speed of 15 - 20 km / h. Belts that have experienced critical loads during an accident in which the car body has received serious damage are subject to replacement.

3. AIRBAGS

One of the most common and effective safety systems in modern cars (after seat belts) are airbags. They began to be widely used already in the late 70s, but only a decade later they really took their rightful place in the safety systems of cars of most manufacturers.

They are placed not only in front of the driver, but also in front of the front passenger, as well as from the sides (in doors, body pillars, etc.). Some car models have their forced shutdown due to the fact that people with heart problems and children may not withstand their false alarms.

Today, airbags are common not only on expensive cars, but also on small (and relatively inexpensive) cars. Why are airbags needed? And what are they?

Airbags have been developed for both drivers and front-seat passengers. For the driver, the airbag is usually installed on the steering wheel, for the passenger - on the dashboard (depending on the design).

The front airbags deploy when an alarm is received from the control unit. Depending on the design, the degree of gas filling of the pillow can vary. The purpose of the front airbags is to protect the driver and passenger from injury by solid objects (engine body, etc.) and glass fragments in frontal collisions.

Side airbags are designed to reduce damage to people in the vehicle in a side impact. They are installed on the doors or in the seat backs. In the event of a side collision, external sensors send signals to the central airbag control unit. This makes it possible for some or all of the side airbags to deploy.

Here is a diagram of how the airbag system works:

Studies of the influence of airbags on the probability of driver death in frontal collisions have shown that this is reduced by 20-25%.

In the event that the airbags have deployed or have been damaged in any way, they cannot be repaired. The entire airbag system must be replaced.

The airbag for the driver has a volume of 60 to 80 liters, and for the front passenger - up to 130 liters. It is not hard to imagine that when the system is triggered, the interior volume decreases by 200-250 liters within 0.04 seconds (see figure), which puts a considerable load on the eardrums. In addition, an airbag flying out at a speed of more than 300 km / h is fraught with a considerable danger to people if they are not wearing a seat belt and nothing hinders the inertial movement of the body towards the airbag.

There are statistics on the impact of airbags on crash injuries. What should be done to reduce the likelihood of injury?

If your car has an airbag, you should not place a rearward facing child seat on the car seat where the airbag is located. When inflated, the airbag can move the seat and cause injury to the child.

Airbags in a passenger seat increase the likelihood of death for children under 13 sitting in that seat. A child under 150 cm in height can be hit in the head by an air cushion that opens at a speed of 322 km / h.

4. HEADREST

The role of the headrest is to prevent sudden movement of the head during an accident. Therefore, you should adjust the height of the headrest and its position to the correct position. Modern head restraints have two degrees of adjustment to prevent injuries to the cervical vertebrae when moving "with an overlap", so characteristic of rear collisions.

Effective protection when using a head restraint can be achieved if it is exactly in line with the center of the head at the level of its center of gravity and no further than 7 cm from the back of the head. Please be aware that some seat options change the size and position of the headrest.

5. INJURY STEERING MECHANISM

Trauma-safe steering is one of the design measures that ensure the passive safety of the car - the ability to reduce the severity of the consequences of road accidents. The steering gear can seriously injure the driver in a head-on collision with an obstacle by crushing the front of the vehicle with the entire steering gear moving towards the driver.

The driver can also get injured from the steering wheel or steering shaft when moving forward suddenly as a result of a frontal collision, when the movement is 300… 400 mm with a weak seat belt tension. To reduce the severity of injuries sustained by the driver in frontal collisions, which account for about 50% of all road traffic accidents, various designs of injury-free steering mechanisms are used. For this purpose, in addition to the steering wheel with a recessed hub and two spokes, which can significantly reduce the severity of injuries caused by impact, a special energy-absorbing device is installed in the steering gear, and the steering shaft is often made of composite. All this provides a slight movement of the steering shaft inside the car body in frontal collisions with obstacles, cars and other vehicles.

Other energy-absorbing devices are also used in injury-safe steering systems for passenger cars, which connect composite steering shafts. These include rubber couplings of a special design, as well as devices of the "Japanese flashlight" type, which is made in the form of several longitudinal plates welded to the ends of the connected parts of the steering shaft. In collisions, the rubber clutch collapses and the connecting plates deform and reduce the movement of the steering shaft inside the passenger compartment.

The main elements of a wheel assembly are a rim with a disc and a pneumatic tire, which can be tubeless or consist of a tire, a tube and a rim tape.

6. SPARE OUTPUTS

Roof hatches and bus windows can be used as emergency exits for quick evacuation of passengers from the passenger compartment in the event of an accident or fire. For this purpose, inside and outside the passenger compartment of buses, special means are provided for opening emergency windows and hatches. So, glass can be installed in the window openings of the body on a two locking rubber profile with a locking cord. If a danger arises, it is necessary to pull out the lock cord using a clip attached to it and squeeze out the glass. Some windows are hinged in the opening and equipped with handles to open them outward.

Devices for activating emergency exits of buses in operation must be in good working order. However, during the operation of buses, employees of the ATP often remove the bracket on the emergency windows, fearing deliberate damage to the window seal by passengers or pedestrians in cases where this is not dictated by necessity. Such "foresight" makes it impossible to urgently evacuate people from buses.

CONCLUSION

Ensuring the good condition of the structural elements of the car, the requirements for which were considered earlier, can reduce the likelihood of an accident. However, it has not yet been possible to create absolute safety on the roads. That is why experts in many countries pay great attention to the so-called passive safety of a car, which helps to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident.

LITERATURE safety carExamination \u003e\u003e Transport

... « Safety vehicles "Active and passive safety car 2010 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Specifications car 2 Active safety car 3 Passive safety car 4 Environmental safety car ...

According to the available statistics, most of this happens with the participation of cars, therefore, it is safety considerations that designers and car manufacturers pay special attention to. A large amount of work in this direction is carried out at the design stage, where modeling of all types of dangerous moments that can occur on the road is carried out.

Modern systems of active and passive vehicle safety include both separate auxiliary devices and rather complex technological solutions. The use of all this complex of tools is designed to help car drivers and all other road users to make life safer.

Active safety systems

The main task of the installed active safety systems is to create conditions to exclude the occurrence of any kind. At the moment, the electronic systems of the car are mainly responsible for ensuring active safety.

It should be borne in mind that the main link ensuring the absence of accidents on the road is still the driver. All available electronic systems should only help him in this and facilitate driving, correcting minor errors.

Anti-lock braking system (ABS)

Anti-lock braking devices are currently installed on most of all vehicles. Such safety systems help to exclude wheel blocking during braking. This makes it possible to maintain control over the vehicle in all difficult situations.

The greatest need for ABS systems usually arises when moving on slippery roads. If during icy conditions the vehicle control unit receives information that the rotation speed of one of the wheels is lower than that of the others, then ABS regulates the pressure of the braking system on it. As a result, the speed of rotation of all wheels is equalized.

Traction Control (ASC)

This type of active safety can be considered one of the types of anti-lock braking system, and it is designed to ensure vehicle control during acceleration or ascent on a slippery road. In this case, slipping is prevented due to the redistribution of torque between the wheels.

Vehicle Stability Program (ESP)

An active vehicle safety system of this kind allows you to maintain the stability of the vehicle and prevent emergencies. At its core, ESP uses traction control and anti-lock braking systems to stabilize vehicle movement. In addition, ESP is responsible for drying the brake pads, which greatly facilitates the situation when driving on a wet track.

Brake force distribution (EBD)

It is necessary to distribute braking forces in order to exclude the possibility of the vehicle skidding during braking. EBD is a type of anti-lock braking system and redistributes the pressure in the braking system between the front and rear wheels.

Differential lock system

The main task of the differential is to transfer torque from the gearbox to the drive wheels. Such a safety complex ensures the transfer of power to all consumers in the event that one of the driving wheels has poor adhesion to the surface, is in the air or on a slippery road.

Descent or ascent assistance systems

The inclusion of such systems greatly facilitates the control of the vehicle when driving downhill or uphill. The purpose of the electronic assistance system is to maintain the required speed by braking one of the wheels when necessary.

Parking system

Parking sensors are used when maneuvering a car in order to prevent it from colliding with other objects. In order to warn the driver, a sound signal is given, sometimes the display shows the remaining distance to the obstacle.

Hand brake

The main purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle in a static position while stationary.

Passive vehicle safety systems

The goal that any passive vehicle safety system must fulfill is to reduce the severity of the possible consequences in the event that an emergency does occur. The applied methods of passive protection can be as follows:

• safety belt;
• airbag;
• headrest;
• parts of the front panel of the machine made of soft material;
• front and rear bumpers that absorb energy upon impact;
• folding steering column;
• safe pedal assembly;
• suspension of the engine and all main units, leading it to the bottom of the car in case of an accident;
• production of glasses using a technology that prevents the occurrence of sharp fragments.

Safety belt

Among all passive safety systems used in a car, belts are considered one of the main elements.

In the event of a traffic accident, seat belts help keep the driver and passengers in place.

Airbag

Along with the restraining belts, the airbag also belongs to the main elements of passive protection. In the event of an accident, the rapidly filling with gas airbags protect occupants from injury from the steering wheel, glass or dashboard.

Headrest

Head restraints allow you to protect the cervical region of a person in some types of accidents.

Conclusion

The systems of active and passive safety of the car in many cases help to prevent the occurrence of accidents, but only responsible behavior on the road can largely guarantee the absence of serious consequences.

According to statistics, about 80–85% of all road traffic accidents occur in cars. That is why automakers, when developing the design of a car, pay maximum attention to its safety - after all, the overall safety of traffic on the roads directly depends on the safety of a single car. It is necessary to provide for the whole range of potentially dangerous situations in which the car can theoretically get, and they depend on many different factors.

Modern ones provide for both active and passive car safety and include a number of devices: car airbags, anti-lock braking system (ABS), anti-slip and anti-skid systems and many other means. The reliability of the car design will help the driver not get into trouble and protect his life and the lives of passengers in the difficult conditions of modern roads.

Active and passive vehicle safety

In general, vehicle safety is divided into active and passive. What do these terms mean? Active safety includes all those properties of the car design, with the help of which it is prevented and / or reduced by itself. Thanks to these properties, the driver can change - in other words, the car will not become unmanageable in an emergency.

The rational design of the machine is the key to its active safety. Here, the so-called "anatomical" seats, which follow the shape of the human body, heated the windshield and rear-view mirrors to prevent them from freezing, windshield wipers on the headlights, and sun visors play an important role. In addition, various modern systems contribute to active safety - anti-lock braking systems that control the speed of the car as a whole and the operation of its individual mechanisms, signaling malfunctions, etc.

By the way, body color is also of great importance for the active safety of a car. The safest in this regard are shades of the warm spectrum - yellow, orange, red - as well as white body color.

Increasing the visibility of the car at night is also achieved in other ways - for example, special reflective paint is applied to license plates and the bumper. Also, in order to increase active safety, a well-thought-out arrangement of instruments on the dashboard and a high-quality view from the driver's seat are necessary. It should be remembered that, according to traffic statistics, the most common damage in accidents is the steering, doors, windshield and dashboard.

If an accident does occur, the leading role in the situation goes to passive safety techniques.

The concept of passive safety includes such properties of the vehicle structure that help reduce the severity of an accident, if one occurs. Passive safety manifests itself when the driver is still unable to change the nature of the car's movement to prevent an accident, despite the active safety measures taken.

Passive safety, like active safety, depends on many design nuances. These include, for example, the bumper arrangement, the presence of arcs, belts and airbags, the level of rigidity of the cab and other conditions.

The front and rear of the vehicle are generally less strong than the middle - this is also done for passive safety reasons. The middle section, where the people are housed, is usually protected by a more rigid frame, while the front and rear soften the impact and thereby reduce the inertial load. For the same reasons, cross members and spars are usually weakened - they are made of brittle metals that collapse or deform on impact, taking on its main energy and, thus, softening it.

By the way, it is to increase the passive safety indicators that the car engine is usually installed on a link suspension - this design serves to avoid moving the engine into the passenger compartment upon impact. Thanks to the suspension, the motor drops down under the floor of the body.

A hard steering wheel is also a hazard to the driver, especially in an oncoming collision. That is why steering hubs are made of large diameter and covered with a special elastic shell - soft linings and bellows partially absorb the impact energy.

Seat belts remain one of the most effective and uncomplicated safety devices at low cost. The installation of these belts is mandatory in accordance with the laws of many countries (including the Russian Federation). Airbags are also widely used - another simple tool that is designed to limit the sharp movement of people in the cabin at the time of impact. Car airbags are only deployed directly on impact, protecting the head and upper torso from injury. The disadvantages of airbags include a fairly loud sound when filling them with gas - this noise can even damage the eardrum. In addition, airbags do not sufficiently protect people when a car rolls over and in side impacts. That is why the search for ways to improve them is constantly ongoing - for example, experiments are being made to replace the pillows with so-called safety nets (which should also limit the sudden movement of a person in the cabin in an accident) - and other similar means.

Another simple and effective anti-traumatic remedy in an accident is also a reliable seat anchorage - ideally, it should withstand multiple overloads (up to 20g).

In a rear-end collision, the seat head restraints protect the passenger's neck from serious injury. In the event of an accident, the driver's legs are protected from damage by a trauma-safe pedal assembly - in such an assembly, in a collision, the pedals are separated from their mountings, softening a hard impact.

In addition to the above precautions, modern cars are equipped with safety glass, which, when destroyed, crumbles into non-sharp fragments and triplex.

The overall passive safety of the vehicle also depends on the size of the car and the integrity of its frame. in a collision, they should not change their shape - the impact energy is absorbed by other parts. To check all these properties, before going into production, each car is subjected to special checks called crash tests.

Thus, the complete vehicle passive safety system significantly increases the chances of survival for the driver and passengers in the event of an accident and helps them avoid serious injury.

Modern active safety systems

The development of the auto industry in recent years has presented motorists with many new systems that significantly increase the useful qualities of active car safety.

Particularly common in this list is the ABS system - anti-lock braking system. When it helps to prevent accidental locking of the wheels and, thus, to avoid loss of control of the machine, as well as its slipping. Thanks to the ABS system, the braking distance is significantly shortened, which allows you to maintain control over the movement of the machine during emergency braking. In other words, in the presence of ABS, the driver has the opportunity to make the necessary maneuvers during braking. The electronic block of the anti-lock braking system through the hydromodulator acts on the braking system of the machine, based on the analysis of the signals coming from the wheel rotation sensors.

Most often, thanks to intensive braking, the driver can prevent accidents - therefore, any car needs a properly working braking system in general, and the ABS in particular. The car must effectively slow down in all situations, thereby reducing the risk of danger to the driver, passengers in the cabin, people around and other vehicles.

Of course, the active safety of a vehicle is significantly increased if an ABS is installed on it. By the way, in addition to the cars themselves, trailers, motorcycles and even aircraft wheeled chassis are also equipped with this system! The latest generation ABS is often equipped with traction control, electronic stability control and emergency braking assist.

APS, Antriebs-Schlupf-Regelung (ASR), also called traction control, serves to eliminate dangerous loss of traction by controlling the slip of the machine's drive wheels. The useful properties of APS can be especially fully appreciated when driving on a slippery and / or wet road, as well as in other conditions where insufficient adhesion is manifested. The traction control system is directly connected to the ABS, due to which it receives all the necessary information about the speed of rotation of the driving and driven wheels of the car.

SKU, the stability control system, also called electronic stability control, also refers to the active vehicle safety systems. Its work helps prevent the car from skidding. This effect is achieved due to the fact that the computer controls the torque of the wheel (or several wheels). The stability control system serves to stabilize the movement of the vehicle in the most dangerous situations - for example, when the probability of losing control of the car becomes dangerously high, or even when control has already been lost. That is why electronic stability control is considered one of the most effective mechanisms for active vehicle safety.

RTS, the electronic brake force distributor, is also a logical addition to the ABS system. This system distributes the braking forces between the wheels in such a way that the driver can drive the vehicle constantly, and not only during emergency braking. The RTS helps to maintain the stability of the car when braking, distributing the braking force equally between all its wheels, analyzing their position and dosing the braking force most effectively. In addition, the brake force distributor significantly reduces the risk of skidding or drifting during braking - especially when cornering and on mixed road surfaces.

EBD, electronic differential lock, is also associated with the ABS system and plays an important role in ensuring the active safety of the car as a whole. As you know, the differential transmits torque from the gearbox to the drive wheels and works correctly provided that these wheels are firmly adhered to the road. However, there are situations when one of the wheels may end up on ice or in the air - then it will rotate, and the other wheel, standing firmly on the surface, will lose its rotation force. It is then that the EBD is connected, thanks to the work by which the differential is blocked, and the torque is transmitted to all its consumers, incl. and a fixed drive wheel. That is, the electronic differential lock brakes the skid wheel until its rpm is equal to the non-skid wheel. The EBD especially affects the safety of the machine during a sharp acceleration and movement uphill. It also significantly increases the level of trouble-free driving in difficult weather conditions and even when reversing. However, it should be remembered that the EBD is not triggered when cornering.

APS, acoustic parking system, refers to the auxiliary systems for active vehicle safety. It is also known under such names as parking sensors, acoustic parking system, PDC (Parking distance control), ultrasonic parking sensor ... There are many terms for determining the APS, but this device serves one main purpose - to control the distance between the car and obstacles while parking. With the help of ultrasonic sensors, parking sensors are able to measure the distance from the car to nearby objects. As these objects approach the vehicle, the character of the acoustic signals of the APS changes, and the display shows information about the remaining distance to the obstacle.

ACC, adaptive cruise control, is a device also related to the vehicle's active safety assistance systems. Thanks to the work of the cruise control, the car's speed is kept constant. In this case, the speed automatically decreases in case of its increase, and, accordingly, increases in case of decrease.

By the way, the well-known parking handbrake (in common parlance - the handbrake) is also included in the number of auxiliary devices for the active safety of the vehicle. A good old handbrake keeps the car stationary relative to the support surface, holding it on slopes and helping to brake in parking lots.

Assisted ascent and descent systems, in turn, also significantly increase the vehicle's active safety performance.

Progress for life

Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to completely avoid cases of road traffic accidents. However, every year hundreds and thousands of cars roll off the assembly lines, more and more advanced in terms of active and passive safety. New generations of machines, in comparison with the previous ones, are equipped with much more advanced safety systems, which significantly reduce the risk of the likelihood of an accident and minimize its consequences in cases where an accident cannot be avoided.

Video - active security systems

Video - passive vehicle safety

Conclusion!

Of course, the most important determining factor in the active and passive safety of a car is the reliability of all its vital systems. The most serious requirements are imposed on the reliability of those elements of the machine that allow it to carry out a variety of maneuvers. Such devices include braking and steering systems, transmission, suspension, engine, etc. In order to increase the reliability indicators of all systems of modern cars, every year more and more technologies are applied, materials not used before are used and the design of cars of all brands is being improved.

• news
• Workshop

Millennium Race: Viewers Hinted What Will Be There

Let us remind you that on October 1, an extreme car show will take place in the Olympic Stadium in the best traditions of the Hollywood blockbuster. What will it be? The intrigue is revealed a little by the first official video teaser of the upcoming event. Source: auto.mail.ru ...

Moscow taxi drivers will be fined using tablets

The new scheme should start working by the end of the year. Thanks to the Mobile Inspector complex, which includes a tablet and a mobile printer, the time for registering a violation should be reduced to three minutes, according to the Official Portal of the Mayor and Government of Moscow. Inspectors of the MADI have the right to draw up a protocol for the taxi driver for the lack of information about tariffs, business ...

BMW will surprise the Chinese with unusual novelties

In Guangzhou, China, at the upcoming auto show, the BMW 1 Series sedan will celebrate its world premiere. The fact that the Bavarian "one" will get a sedan body, it became known in the summer, when BMW officially announced it. Moreover, the Germans not only supplemented the hatchback with a protruding trunk, but in fact developed a new model, which is based on ...

Lynk CO is a new brand of smart cars

It is assumed that the new brand will be called Lynk & CO, and under it will be created cars that meet the principle of smart mobility and have zero emissions, reports the publication OmniAuto. Little is known about the new brand at this time. The official presentation of Lynk & CO will take place on October 20, 2016 ...

Demand for trucks continues to grow in Russia

In August, the volume of the Russian market for new trucks amounted to 4.7 thousand units. This is 21.1% more than a year earlier! At the same time, analysts of the Avtostat agency note that the demand for trucks is growing steadily for the fifth month in a row. True, from January to August 31.3 thousand cars were sold - 3.4% lower, ...

The Ministry of Transport proposed to simplify the Europrotocol

For this purpose, a draft order was developed to amend the rules that have been in force since 2014 on the registration of an accident without the participation of police officers ("europrotocol") and providing information about the accident to the insurer, Izvestia reports. Let us remind you that the possibility of processing documents according to the "Europrotocol" has existed in Russia since 2009. To do this, no more than two cars must be involved in an accident, there must be no ...

Parking in Moscow can be paid for with a Troika card

Plastic cards "Troika", used to pay for public transport, this summer will receive a useful function for motorists. With their help, it will be possible to pay for parking in the paid parking zone. For this, parking meters are equipped with a special module for communication with the center for processing transport transactions of the Moscow metro. The system will be able to check if there are enough funds on the balance ...

Preferential car loans: the authorities are thinking about continuing the program

Denis Manturov, head of the RF Ministry of Industry and Trade, spoke about this on the sidelines of the Sochi-2016 International Investment Forum, Rossiyskaya Gazeta reports. Now in Russia there are state programs for support and renewal of the park, as well as preferential car loans and leasing. From January to August 2016, more than 435 thousand new cars were sold under these programs, which ...

Hybrid trolleybus launched in Moscow

After test trips along route B on the Garden Ring, a new hybrid trolleybus of Belarusian production entered route T25 - from Budyonny Avenue to Lubyanskaya Square, M24.ru reports. From the final stop - "Budenny Prospect" - to the Garden Ring, a trolleybus travels, receiving electricity in the traditional way - from wires. And on Pokrovka and Maroseyka already ...

According to statistics, cars are involved in more than 80% of all road traffic accidents. More than one million people die every year and about 500,000 are injured. In an effort to draw attention to this problem, every 3rd Sunday in November was declared by the United Nations “World Day of Remembrance for Victims of Road Traffic Accidents”. Modern car safety systems are aimed at reducing the existing sad statistics on this issue. The designers of new cars always closely follow the production standards and. To do this, they simulate all kinds of dangerous situations in crash tests. Therefore, before the release of the car, it undergoes a thorough check and is suitable for safe use on the road.

But it is impossible to completely eliminate this type of incidents with this level of technology and society development. Therefore, the main emphasis is on preventing an emergency and eliminating the consequences after it.

Auto safety tests

The main body for assessing the safety of automobiles is the European New Car Test Association. It has existed since 1995. Each new car brand that passes through is rated on a five-star scale - the more stars the better.

For example, through tests, they have proven that using high airbags reduces the risk of head injury by 5-6 times.

Active security options

Active car safety systems are a complex of design and operational properties that are aimed at reducing the likelihood of an accident on the road.

Let's analyze the main parameters that are responsible for the level of active security.

1. For the efficiency of driving a car during braking, it is responsible braking properties, the serviceability of which allows you to avoid an accident. The anti-lock braking system is responsible for adjusting the level and the wheel system as a whole.

   

2. Traction properties cars affect the ability to increase the speed in motion, take part in overtaking, restructuring in traffic lanes and other maneuvers.
3. The production and tuning of the suspension, steering, braking system is carried out using new quality standards and modern materials, which allows you to improve reliability systems.

   

4. Has an impact on safety and auto layout... Cars with a front-engined layout are considered more preferable.
5. For the best passing of the trajectory of movement, avoiding skids, throws to the side and other problems with deviation from the set path, vehicle stability.
6. Vehicle handling - the ability of the car to move along the path chosen. One of the definitions that characterize handling is the ability of a car to change the vector of motion, provided the steering wheel is stationary - understeer. Distinguish between tire and roll steering.
7. Informativeness - a property of a car, the task of which is to provide the driver with information about the traffic intensity on the road, weather conditions and other things in a timely manner. Distinguish between internal information content, which depends on the viewing radius, the effective work of blowing and heating the glass; external, depending on the overall dimensions, serviceable headlights, brake lights; and additional informational content, which helps with fog, snowfall and at night.
8. Comfort - a parameter responsible for creating favorable microclimate conditions while driving.

   

Active safety systems

The most popular active safety systems that significantly increase the efficiency of the braking system are:

1) Anti-lock braking system... It removes the blocking of the wheels during braking. The task of the system is to prevent the car from slipping if the driver loses control during emergency braking. ABS reduces the braking distance, which will allow you to avoid hitting a pedestrian or getting into a ditch. anti-lock braking system is traction control and electronic stability control;

2) Traction control system... designed to improve vehicle handling in difficult weather conditions and conditions of poor adhesion, using a mechanism for influencing the driving wheels;

3) ... Prevents unpleasant car drifts thanks to the use of an electronic computer, which controls the torque of the wheel or wheels simultaneously. The computer-led system takes over control when the probability of loss of human control is close - therefore, it is a very effective car security system;

4) Brake force distribution system... Complements anti-lock braking system. The main difference is that CPT helps control the braking system throughout the entire movement of the vehicle, and not just during an emergency. She is responsible for the uniform distribution of braking forces on all wheels, in order to maintain the trajectory set by the driver;

5) Electronic differential lock mechanism... The essence of its work is as follows: during skidding or sliding, a situation often arises that one of the wheels hangs in the air, continuing to spin, and the support wheel stops. The driver loses control of the vehicle, which creates the risk of an accident on the road. In turn, the differential lock allows you to transfer the torque to the axle shafts or cardan shafts, normalizing the movement of the car.

6) Automatic emergency braking mechanism... It helps in cases when the driver does not have time to fully press the brake pedal, i.e. the system automatically applies the brake pressure.

7) Pedestrian Approach Warning System... When a pedestrian approaches the vehicle dangerously, the system will sound a signal that will avoid an accident on the road and save his life.

There are also safety systems (assistants) that come into operation before the onset of an accident, as soon as they sense a potential threat to the driver's life, while taking over responsibility for the steering and braking system. A breakthrough for the development of these mechanisms gave a breakthrough in the study of electronic systems: new ones were released.The idea to create a mechanism for binding the driver to the seat appeared in 1907, and already in 1959 the first car belts were produced. To this day they remain

Conclusion

Thanks to the development of science, active and passive safety systems are constantly being improved. Modern cars are equipped with more advanced safety systems, which can significantly reduce the risk of an accident and reduce injury to passengers and damage to equipment. European Union statistics confirm that the use of these systems has reduced the number of fatalities on the road by almost half. Therefore, when choosing your car, check that it has a good security system, as this will help avoid accidents on the road and save life. What do you think are the most reliable car security systems?