Cargo carts are designed for horizontal interoperational movement of raw materials, materials, finished products in workshops and warehouses of meat processing plants. One- and two-wheeled carts are designed for the transport of materials and products of light weight.

Their dimensions provide good passability in warehouses between racks and stacks.

For the mechanization of the PRTS work, trolleys with a lift, controlled from the floor, are widely used. The presence of a lifting platform or saws allows to reduce the duration of loading and unloading operations and to ensure, in some cases, the stacking of materials directly on the rack and in stacks.

Depending on the design of the mechanisms of movement and lifting, a distinction is made between trolleys with manual movement and hydraulic lifting of the load, with mechanical movement and lifting of the load by hand, with mechanical movement and mechanical lifting of the load.

The floor-controlled power trolleys have the advantage of being small and maneuverable. Their carrying capacity is 0.5- 2 t.

Hand carts are the most widely used in meat processing plants.

Floor bucket trolley

Floor bucket trolley (Figure 1) serves for the transportation of various products (by-products, intestines, fats, technical products, etc.). It consists of a bucket with a capacity of 50 to 260 liters, made of stainless steel, mounted on two large diameter rubber wheels. In the front part of the bucket for moving the cart, handles and two stops are welded to prevent the cart from tipping over during a stop.

Specialized trolley for transporting barrels

Specialized trolley for transportation of barrels (Figure 2) consists of a main frame made of pipes, an axle with two wheels and a stop in the lower part of the frame, with which the barrel is loaded onto the frame and held on it during transportation.

Such carts are used to transport barrels weighing up to 250 kg with fats, intestinal raw materials, salt and other and cargo. The trolley is also suitable for transporting boxes.

Manual fork trolley

Manual fork carts (Figure 3) are used in combination with pallets on which packages of packaged-piece goods are formed. Their carrying capacity is 0.5-1t. To move the package, the forks are inserted into the grooves of the pallet and raised by means of a hydraulic jack mounted on the cart. The forks are supported on rollers. The forks are lowered by the weight of the load when the oil pressure in the hydraulic jack drops. It takes 15-20 s to raise and lower the forks.

1 - gndrojack; 2 - pitchfork; 3 - support wheel
Figure 3 - Manual fork carriage

Trolley-bath

Trolley-bath designed for the transportation of pasty and liquid cargo. It consists of a bath with a capacity of 300 liters, made of stainless steel or ordinary steel with anti-corrosion coating, has four wheels; two - large diameter in the middle part, taking the main load, and two - smaller diameter, swivel, one at the front and back of the trolley, providing support and rotation of the bath.

At meat processing plants, four-wheeled trolleys are also used, moving along narrow-gauge rails. These trolleys are used to transport coal and slag in boiler rooms, parts in mechanical repair shops, building materials, etc.

Pulling force required to move floor trolley with a load during manual transportation, is determined by the following formula:

gd e S - traction force when moving the cart, kg;G - weight of cargo, kg;R - trolley weight, kg; μ is the coefficient of friction on the bogie axis;d - diameter of the bogie axle journal, cm;D - running wheel diameter, cm;
f - rolling friction coefficient; α - angle of inclination of the floor plane, degree

If α \u003d 0, then the formula will take the form: The expression (μ d + 2f) / D is called the reduced thrust coefficient and is denoted by K.

Then S \u003d K (G + P) or S \u003d gK (G + P), where g \u003d 9.81 m / s 2

By K the design underbearings, presence of lubrication, possibly lower d / D ratio and condition of the floor. For sleeve bearings K \u003d 0.05 ... 0.1; for rolling bearings K \u003d 0.025… .0.05.

Trolley - Medvedka

Carts - bears (Figure 4) are hand-held two-wheeled carts with a carrying capacity of up to 100 kg. Moving the load on such a cart is the easier the closer it is to the visor. The trolley weight does not exceed 20 kg.

Cart TK-1 and TO-69

Cart TK-1

The TK-1 trolley (Figure 5) consists of a frame and four rubberized wheels of a piano type, connected to the frame by racks. Two wheels of the bogie are equipped with brake shoes, a folding handle is attached to the frame.

1 - brake shoe; 2 - handle; 3 - rack; 4 - frame; 5 - wheel
Figure 5 - Cart TK-1

:

Cart TO-69

D for transportation of small-piece cargo in containers at meat processing plants, a TO-69 cargo trolley is used (Figure 6).

1 - shelf; 2 - rubberized wheel; 3 - swivel
Figure 6 - Cargo trolley TO -69

The trolley is collapsible, made of thin steel pipes, on which are fixed two shelves, lined with laminated plastic. The cart moves on four swivel rubber wheels mounted on swivels, which gives it good maneuverability.

Truck cargo UNIPTImash

Cargo trolley developed by the Ulyanovsk Research and Development Research Institute. Institute of Mechanical Engineering (UNIPTImash), is designed for the transportation of packaged goods (bags, boxes, barrels, packages). You can use as a load-carrying body on freight-carrying floor carriage conveyors. The design of the trolley (Table 1) provides for the installation of replaceable transport and technological equipment (shelf-table, shelf with removable and shelves, shelf with folding and shelves, bunker, shelves, etc.). The cart has four wheels, two of which are on swivel brackets.

For inter-shop and intra-shop movement of meat, offal, minced meat, etc., use the cargo carts shown in Figure 7 . Chassis trolleys consists of cargo and guide wheels, and the diameter of the first is greater than the diameter of the second.

The wheels are mounted on a fixed or rotating axle. If the wheel is firmly placed on the axle, then it rotates with the wheel and is mounted in bearings. If the axle is stationary and fixed with locking screws and in the struts, then the wheels are equipped with bearings. To avoid noise and to reduce floor wear, the running wheels are equipped with a rubber rim; to reduce the coefficient of friction, the load wheels are equipped with ball bearings. For the purpose of better maneuverability of the bogies, the guide wheels are installed on the pivot axles or they are somewhat raised above the floor level.

The carrying part can be made in the form of an open platform for transportation of piece cargo and cargo in containers (see Figure 7, a); containers for transportation of bulk and liquid bodies (om. Figure 7, b); racks with racks for transporting products in baking trays, trays, when drying, freezing, cooling (see Figure 7, c); racks with hooks for transporting heads, liveries, etc .; pyramids for draining water from skins; goat for laying pigs when shooting skins, etc.

1 - cargo wheel; 2 - guide wheel; 3 - axis; 4 - locking screw; 5 - rack
a - with an open platform; b - with a container; c - with shelving
Figure 7 - Cargo trolley

Cargo cart TG-1000

Cargo cart TG-1000(Figure 8) consists of a frame, a platform on which four brackets are mounted, which serve as handles for moving the cart and protecting the moved load from falling, and four wheels. Front and rear wheels - rotary on swivels, have a smaller diameter than the average, rotating on the same axis. When transferring goods, one of the swivel wheels is in a raised position, which facilitates the movement of the cart and improves its maneuverability.

1 - frame; 2 - swivel; 3 - swivel wheel; 4 - platform; 5 - bracket
Figure 8 - Cargo cart TG-1000

CCI cargo trolley with lifting platform

The CCI cargo trolley with a lifting platform (Figure 9) is designed for transportation, lifting and lowering of various loads. It consists of a frame welded from pipes, a lifting platform and a manual drive. The trolley frame rests on
four rubberized wheels: two rear - swivel and two front - not swivel. The trolley platform has two pairs of rollers mounted in ball bearings. With the help of a chain drive, it can be moved along the vertical guides of the frame.

1 - manual drive; 2 - frame; 3 - lifting platform; 4 - rubberized wheels
Figure 9 - CCI cargo trolley with lifting platform

When the handle is turned clockwise, the platform with the load rises; when turning the handle to back side the platform is lowered due to the sliding of the friction linings on the safety handle ratchet.

TGV-500M trolley with lifting forks

TGV-500M trolley with lifting forks (Figure 10) is widely used for loading, unloading and transporting meat and meat products inside refrigerators and cargo in warehouses, rooms stacked on standard pallets or in standard containers with dimensions of 800x600 and 1200x800 mm.

1 - hydraulic drive; 2 - swivel wheel; 3 - pitchfork; 4 - lifting frame; five -
rear roller; 6 - carrier
Figure 10 - TGV-500M trolley with lifting forks

The trolley consists of a lifting frame with forks, a manual hydraulic drive for lifting the forks, two front paired swivel wheels and two rear rollers on the forks. The swivel rubber wheels are connected to the carrier. The bogie forks are lifted by a plunger pump. To lower the forks, you must press the hydraulic cylinder valve lever with your foot.

Depending on the functional purpose, lifting and transporting equipment is divided into lifting mechanisms and machines, transporting machines and mechanisms of periodic and continuous action and loading and unloading machines.

2.2.1 Hoisting mechanisms and machines

Lifting mechanisms and machines are used in two- and multi-storey buildings of retail trade enterprises, where goods have to be moved in a vertical plane. Elevators, hoists, vertical descents, winches (hoists) and cranes are used for vertical and sharply inclined movement of goods.

By lift (Figure 2.1) is called a lifting and transporting device of periodic action, designed to raise and lower loads from one level to another.

The elevator consists of an electric winch, a counterweight, and a car, which moves along fixed, rigid vertical guides installed in the shaft. At the loading platforms, the mine is equipped with lockable doors to ensure safe handling. The doors of the elevator car can be hinged or sliding, opened manually or with a drive. They are equipped with special locks or electrical interlocks that prevent the cab from moving when the doors are open. The elevators are equipped with speed limiters and safety devices that prevent the car and counterweight from falling in the event of a break or loosening of the ropes, and also stop them when the speed is exceeded. Lifts are distinguished by lifting capacity from 100 kg to 5000 kg, lifting height from 5.2 to 45 m and car speed.

Small store cargo elevator LGM-100 is designed for lifting and lowering goods in stores. The lifting height is from 2.73 to 5.2 m. The shaft doors are double-leaf, swing doors, manually opened. External control, push-button. The elevator is provided with mechanical and electrical interlocks, which exclude the possibility of turning on the elevator when the doors are open or opening the door in the absence of a cabin on the floor.

Lifts are used to lower loads into the basement and move goods from the utility rooms located under the trading floors to workplace the seller. Unlike elevators, lifts can move cargo not only vertically, but also along an inclined plane, instead of a cab there is a fenced area, the carrying capacity and lifting height are lower.

Inclined lift PN-200 consists of a platform, a farm on which it moves, a drive, an upper and lower fence. The truss is fixed to the wall and floor. The platform has a fence. The doors are electrically interlocked, so the lift is only activated when the fence doors are closed, and mechanical systemthat prevents the doors from opening during operation. All this ensures safety during its operation. The highest lifting height is 3.3 m.

Inclined and screw slopes are used to move piece and bagged loads under the action of their own weight (gravity). They are easy to use. They are made of wood, and the work surface and sides are sheathed with metal sheets. Inclined slopes are made straight and turning.

Winches (hoists) - lifting devices for lifting and moving loads. Tali - compact hoisting winches (Fig. 2.2), which have a manual and electric drive and are suspended from beams or special trolleys moving along an overhead track (monorail). They are used for intra-warehouse movement of goods.

Hoisting cranes are designed for lifting, moving, lowering cargo using a load gripper. In warehouses of wholesalers, stacker cranes are widely used.

Stacker cranes are used with significant cargo turnover, in warehouses with multi-level racks, in the cells of which boxes or pallets with loads are installed. The use of cranes of this type allows you to save storage areas by reducing the aisles between the racks. By design, stacker cranes are divided into floor-mounted and suspended types.

2.2.2. Conveying machines and mechanisms

Hand trucks and electric carts (electric cars) belong to transporting machines and mechanisms of periodic action.

The most widespread in the retail trade network and especially in one-story buildings are hand carts. With good maneuverability and small overall dimensions, they allow moving loads weighing from 100 kg to 1 ton at a distance of up to 100 m. Trolleys are used for horizontal movement of loads. These are the main means of mechanization used in every store. Carts are a frame with wheels on which fixtures (platform or forks) are supported to support goods during movement. A handle is attached to the trolley frame for its movement. Structurally, hand carts are produced with two and four wheels; with stationary or lifting platform. The trolley wheels rotate not only horizontally, but also vertically. They are available with manual or mechanical drive. Carrying capacity of carts is from 50 to 1000kg. Each type of carts has an alphabetic and digital designation: TG - a freight carriage for moving packaged goods; ТГВ - cargo trolley with lifting forks, etc. The numbers indicate the capacity of the cart.

The TG-50 trolley consists of a welded metal frame with a wooden deck. It has a small size and good maneuverability. The front twin wheels are swivel and the rear wheels are mounted on the same axle. The trolley handle is hinged, attached to the front wheel axle. One swivel wheel can be installed in front.

Cart TGM-125 (Medvedka) - two-wheeled, is used to move packed loads over short distances.

TG-1000M cart - all-metal, welded, four-wheeled. The two swivel wheels (front and rear) have a smaller diameter than the middle wheels and are raised off the floor for increased maneuverability. The handrails serve at the same time to protect the load from slipping.

TGSH-250 trolley - metal, welded, two-wheeled, with one support bracket, used for transportation of packed goods and barrels. The metal platform is removed when transporting barrels. On the vertical shaft of the handles there is a lock for gripping the drums Loading capacity 250 kg.

TGV-500M trolley with a hydraulic drive for lifting a platform or forks, with a lifting capacity of 500 kg, consists of a lifting frame with forks, two front paired swivel wheels and two rear rollers. The swivel wheels are connected to the carrier. The forks are lifted with a hand operated hydraulic pump. Fork lift height 125 mm from floor level. A trolley is used for loading, unloading and transporting goods inside the premises, stacked on standard pallets, in a standard container or equipment container. A trolley with lowered forks is brought under the container-equipment or pallet and several rocking (no more than 10) are made with the handle of the trolley (carrier). The lifting device lifts the frame with the forks, and with it the load. After stopping at the place of unloading, press the lever for disengaging the lifting mechanism installed on the handle. The frame with the forks is lowered and the cart is rolled out freely from under the pallet.

The TGV-1250 trolley is similar in design to the above, but with a higher carrying capacity.

No matter how convenient and popular manual hydraulic carts are, they have limited application possibilities, therefore, for large stores and warehouses with a significant cargo turnover, it is more expedient to use carts with an electric drive (electric cars).

The ET-2047 and ET-2047A electric cars have a fixed platform and four wheels, thanks to which they have good stability. Designed for accelerated transportation of goods (speed up to 17 km / h, carrying capacity up to 2 tons) on the inner and outer territory of a hypermarket or a wholesale depot.

Continuous conveying machines - stationary and mobile conveyors (conveyors), are used when large masses of goods are regularly supplied to the store for their horizontal or slightly inclined movement.

A distinction is made between conveyors with and without a pulling body (gravity). In trade, conveyors with a traction device of two types are mainly used: belt and plate; and without a traction body - roller and screw.

The stationary belt conveyor KL-1 (Fig. 2.3) is used for horizontal and slightly inclined movement of piece loads weighing 100 kg at a distance of 4 to 15 m.

An endless rubberized fabric belt stretched over the drive and tension drums serves as a pulling and carrying body. The drive drum is driven by an electric motor. Belt width 500 mm, conveyor capacity 57 t / h at a speed of 0.4 m / s.

The inclined mobile conveyor KNLP-5 is designed for horizontal and inclined movement of packed loads weighing no more than 80 kg (one place). It can also be used when lowering and lifting loads from floor to floor. The conveyor consists of a bogie, a boom, a mechanism for changing the angle of the boom and a drive. The conveyor is reversible, so the transportation of goods can be carried out in both directions. To prevent loads from falling, the conveyor belt is protected on both sides by guards. Conveyor capacity 50 t / h, travel speed 0.3-0.48 m / s.

Plastic conveyors instead of belt conveyors have a load-carrying device in the form of plates or tubes fixed on endless chains. These conveyors, unlike belt conveyors, are used for heavier loads. The largest weight of one package is up to 200 kg, the width of the floor is 500 mm, the length is from 4 to 40 m, the capacity is 55 t / h, the speed of movement of the floor is 0.29 m / s.

Roller conveyors are gravitational mechanisms. They, as a load-carrying and traction element, have a system of rollers mounted on a fixed frame. The rollers are tubular and disc. Disc roller conveyors are called roller tracks.

2.2.3. Loading and unloading machines

Loading and unloading machines (auto and electric forklifts, stackers) are used to mechanize loading and unloading and transport and storage operations at trade warehouses and bases.

For the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, mainly universal forklift trucks... They are subdivided into light-duty loaders (0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2t), average lifting capacity 3-5t, heavy lifting capacity 10t. For serial forklift trucks, three lifting heights are adopted: 1.8; 2.8; 4.5m. Universal forklift trucks are available with an electric drive (electric forklift trucks) from battery (APA) and from the network (APS) and with the engine internal combustion (forklift trucks), carburetor (APC) or diesel (APD). Electric forklift trucks are manufactured as three-wheeled and four-wheeled. Three-wheelers have great maneuverability, but less lateral stabilitythan four-wheelers.

Electric stackers with forks are used for warehousing or picking up cargo in warehouses with shelving heights up to 12m. Stackers have high maneuverability and dimensions, allowing you to move along narrow aisles 1200 - 1900 mm wide.

Persons who are at least 18 years old, trained in safe working methods and who have a certificate for the right to operate the specified equipment, are allowed to operate the lifting and transport equipment. Testing and technical inspection of equipment is carried out at least once a year.

Hand trucks (table 3.1) and electric carts (electric cars) (table 3.2) belong to transporting machines and mechanisms of periodic action.

The most widespread in the retail trade network and especially in one-story buildings are hand carts. Possessing good maneuverability and small overall dimensions, they allow you to move loads weighing from 100 kg to 1 ton at a distance of up to 100 m. Trolleys are used for horizontal movement of loads. These are the main means of mechanization used in every store. Carts are a frame with wheels on which fixtures (platform or forks) are supported to support goods during movement. A handle is attached to the trolley frame for its movement. Structurally, hand carts are produced with two and four wheels; with stationary or lifting platform. The trolley wheels rotate not only horizontally, but also vertically. They are available with manual or mechanical drive. Carrying capacity of carts is from 50 to 1000kg. Each type of carts has an alphabetic and digital designation: TG - a freight carriage for moving packaged goods; ТГВ - cargo trolley with lifting forks, etc. The numbers indicate the capacity of the cart.

Table 3.1 - Technical and economic characteristics of electric trucks

Table 3.2 - Technical specifications electric car

Continuation of table 3.2

The TG-50 trolley consists of a welded metal frame with a wooden deck. It has a small size and good maneuverability. The front twin wheels are swivel and the rear wheels are mounted on the same axle. The trolley handle is hinged, attached to the front wheel axle. One swivel wheel can be installed in front.

Cart TGM-125 (Medvedka) - two-wheeled, is used to move packed loads over short distances.

TG-1000M cart - all-metal, welded, four-wheeled. The two swivel wheels (front and rear) have a smaller diameter than the middle wheels and are raised off the floor for increased maneuverability. The handrails serve at the same time to protect the load from slipping.

TGSH-250 trolley - metal, welded, two-wheeled, with one support bracket, used for transportation of packed goods and barrels. The metal platform is removed when transporting barrels. On the vertical shaft of the handles there is a lock for gripping the drums Loading capacity 250 kg.

TGV-500M trolley with a hydraulic drive for lifting a platform or forks, with a lifting capacity of 500 kg, consists of a lifting frame with forks, two front paired swivel wheels and two rear rollers. The swivel wheels are connected to the carrier. The forks are lifted with a hand operated hydraulic pump. Fork lift height 125 mm from floor level. A trolley is used for loading, unloading and transporting goods inside the premises, stacked on standard pallets, in a standard container or equipment container. A trolley with lowered forks is brought under the container-equipment or pallet and several rocking (no more than 10) are made with the handle of the trolley (carrier). The lifting device lifts the frame with the forks, and with it the load. After stopping at the place of unloading, press the lever for disengaging the lifting mechanism installed on the handle. The frame with the forks is lowered and the cart is rolled out freely from under the pallet.

The TGV-1250 trolley is similar in design to the above, but with a higher carrying capacity. Technical characteristics of trolleys with lifting forks are given in table 3.3.

Table 3.3 - Technical characteristics of bogies with lifting forks

No matter how convenient and popular manual hydraulic carts are, they have limited application possibilities, therefore, for large stores and warehouses with a significant cargo turnover, it is more expedient to use carts with an electric drive (electric cars).

Electric cars ET-2047 and ET-2047A have a fixed platform and four wheels, thanks to which they have good stability. Designed for accelerated transportation of goods (speed up to 4.7 m. S -1, carrying capacity up to 2 tons) on the inner and outer territory of a hypermarket or a wholesale depot. Technical characteristics of electric cars are given in table 3.4.

Table 3.4 - Technical characteristics of the electric car

Continuous conveying machines - stationary and mobile conveyors (conveyors) are used when large masses of goods are regularly supplied to the store for their horizontal or slightly inclined movement.

A distinction is made between conveyors with and without a pulling body (gravity). In trade, conveyors with a traction device of two types are mainly used: belt and plate; and without a traction body - roller and screw.

The stationary belt conveyor KL-1 (Fig. 3.7) is used for horizontal and slightly inclined movement of piece loads weighing 100 kg at a distance of 4 to 15 m.

An endless rubberized fabric belt stretched over the drive and tension drums serves as a pulling and carrying body. The drive drum is driven by an electric motor. Belt width 500 mm, conveyor capacity 57 t / h at a speed of 0.4 m. S -1.

The inclined mobile conveyor KNLP-5 is designed for horizontal and inclined movement of packed loads weighing no more than 80 kg (one place). It can also be used when lowering and lifting loads from floor to floor. The conveyor consists of a bogie, a boom, a mechanism for changing the angle of the boom and a drive. The conveyor is reversible, so the transportation of goods can be carried out in both directions. To prevent loads from falling, the conveyor belt is protected on both sides by guards. Conveyor capacity 50 t / h, travel speed 0.3-0.48 m. S -1.

Plastic conveyors instead of belt conveyors have a load-carrying device in the form of plates or tubes fixed on endless chains. These conveyors, unlike belt conveyors, are used for heavier loads. The largest weight of one package is up to 200 kg, the width of the floor is 500 mm, the length is from 4 to 40 m, the capacity is 55 t / h, the speed of movement of the floor is 0.29 m s -1.

Roller conveyors are gravitational mechanisms. They, as a load-carrying and traction element, have a system of rollers mounted on a fixed frame. The rollers are tubular and disc. Disc roller conveyors are called roller tracks.