It starts in the early 60s with the market launch of the 901 model. Since in the 1920s Peugeot reserved the exclusive right to use the digital designation with a zero in the middle in model names, the Germans had to change the name of the sports car to 911. Over the years, with each successive generation, the car has evolved technically, but the style still remained true to tradition.

The 997 made its debut at the 2004 Frankfurt Motor Show, replacing the controversial 996. Taking into account the wishes of customers, the designers returned the headlights to their previous style and shape. After the premiere, versions of the car, optimized for certain conditions, were gradually offered - GT3, GT3 RS, Turbo GT2 and GT2 RS.

In 2009, the Porsche 911 underwent a modernization. What changed? First of all, headlights, taillights, bumper. In addition to stylistic transformations, the suspension was modified, the engine was strengthened, and the Tiptronic S automatic transmission was replaced with a PDK robotic dual-clutch transmission. Since 2012, they began to phase out the production of individual versions of the Porsche 911 997, replacing them with new ones from the 991 generation.

Engines

Only gasoline boxer engines were used as power units.

B6 3.6 L (325-345 HP) 911 Carrera, 911 Carrera 4, 911

B6 3.6 liters (415 hp) 911 GT3 / 911 GT3 RS

B6 3.6 L biturbo (480, 530-620 HP) 911 Turbo, 911 GT2, 911 GT2 RS

B6 3.8 L (435-450 HP) 911 GT3, 911 GT3 RS

3.8 L B6 (355, 381, 385-408 HP) 911 Carrera, 911 Carrera 4S, 911 Carrera GTS

B6 biturbo 3.8 l (500-530 hp) 911 Turbo, 911 Turbo S

B6 4.0 L (500 HP) 911 GT3 RS 4.0

In the case of the Porsche 911, there has never been, there is, and hopefully there will never be any compromise. This is a real sports car, just like its engines. Each of them could be written in a separate article, but for now we will present them in general.

Dynamics? Even laymen know that Porsche leaves most cars at traffic lights. The basic version accelerates to 100 km / h in just 5 seconds, and the fastest Porsche 911 does it in just over 3 seconds. This is less than what the Nissan GT-R is capable of. Even the weakest engines allow reaching a maximum speed of 280 km / h, and top-end versions - 320-330 km / h.

The weakest point of a Porsche engine is the IMS shaft intermediate bearing. Its destruction can result in serious engine damage. Fortunately, unlike its predecessor, the problem is not so large and has affected a small number of cars so far. Symptoms: Uneven engine operation and metal filings on the oil filter. There are also isolated cases of cylinder damage. However, this time too, the problem affected a small number of Porsche 911. Nevertheless, it is relatively often necessary to replace broken ignition coils and the drive belt tensioner of ancillary units together with a pulley.

Yet, in most cases, engines pose little to no problem with regular maintenance. Mileage over 250,000 km without faults is no exception. Depending on the driving style, the average fuel consumption is in the range of 11-13 liters per 100 km.

Technical features

The Porsche 911 engine is located behind the rear axle. The drive, depending on the modification, can be both rear and full. There were three transmissions to choose from: a 6-speed manual, a 5-speed automatic and a 7-speed PDK automatic dual-clutch transmission. On the front axle there are MacPherson struts, and on the rear there is a system of independent levers. As the safety institute EuroNCAP has not tested this vehicle, its level of safety is unknown.

Typical malfunctions

The look of the Porsche 911 alone makes many potential buyers lose their heads. However, choosing a used car of this kind requires a cool head and care. Otherwise, you can get caught in a time bomb that will quickly empty your wallet or, even worse, drive you into debt.

What should you pay attention to? First of all, on the condition of the clutch and drive shafts. The steering tips and rods do not differ in strength, but these are not serious defects. It is also necessary to carefully examine the engine and transmission for leaks, especially around the main axle RMS (rear crankshaft oil seal). In addition, there are oil leaks through the oil cooler (fastening is weakening) and problems with the cooling system (cracking of the pipes and failure of the pump).

When inspecting the car on a lift, pay attention to the condition of the rear suspension silent blocks. Since the engine is located at the rear, it is this part of the chassis that is subject to more rapid wear. Monitoring the condition of springs and shock absorbers is another mandatory check item.

What else can refuse? For example, an audio system head unit that stops returning discs. Porsche 911 owners often complain about the noise from the speakers. The most common reason for this is a faulty amplifier. A rather unpleasant problem is a leaking sunroof. Sometimes pull-out cup holders or interior door handles stop working, but these are mere trifles.

Conclusion

The Porsche 911 997, although it managed to become familiar in large Russian cities, still remains the object of the sighs of many motorists and not only. When choosing and buying a car, you should not completely surrender to emotions. A thorough check is very important. Otherwise, you will be forced to regularly visit car services.

In terms of reliability, the sports car is quite stable. According to the results of TUV inspections, the technical condition of the car is much better than comparable models of the same age. The body never has problems with rust thanks to galvanizing. Avoid specimens imported from the USA. They are often carelessly restored after an accident.

When you buy a Porsche 911, you must be prepared for the high cost of ownership. While the main components are not overly expensive, you will have to visit gas stations relatively often and change tires, brake discs and pads regularly.

Is Porsche stuck in the past? How else to explain this award-winning German company's adherence to rear-engined sports cars on its most iconic 911 Coupé? The overall layout has remained unchanged for decades. The original 911 356-series model, like the pre-war Käfer model, was made in a rear-engined, rear-wheel-drive version. The engine was suspended behind the rear axle.

In history, there have been only two more modern exceptions to the rule, which could rather be called engineering experiments on racing models: the 911 GT1 of the late 1990s and the current 911 RSR. Both models have a central engine.

So, is the rear-engine layout an anachronism of yesteryear, or does it still make sense? Most likely, this makes sense - it's not fools who develop some of the best sports cars in the world. Detailed explanation of what's what, as always, from Engineering Explained, which has released a short but entertaining video telling the story ... the history of physics and engineering.

The video explains several reasons why Porsche hasn't moved away from the 911's layout, including weight transfer when braking, weight transfer during acceleration, and an explanation of how rear wheel drive works in unique 4WD vehicles.

It is worth noting that there are no ideal cars, just as there are no only true designs of cars, missiles, airplanes, and even toothbrushes. "Technician" only sets out the pros and cons of such a design, backed up by knowledge, and discusses why Porsche has not deviated from its canons.

Positive sides:

Braking. Comparison (1.20 minute video) of two models. The Porsche 911 and the second, front-engined sports car model are shown schematically in red. Both models are rear wheel drive.

Porsche's weight distribution is 40% at the front, 60% at the rear. Weight distribution in any other front-engined rear-wheel drive car is approximately 55% on the front axle and 45% on the rear.

When braking, 20% of the weight is transferred to the front axle. At the same time, the weight distribution of the brainchild of Ferdinand Porsche remains more balanced (front - 60%, rear - 40%) than any other car with a classic layout. Thus, the braking of the 911 will be more stable, more intense, the rear wheels are engaged 15% more when braking than other sports cars, and there is less chance of the car skidding, even in a corner.

The main task of any sports car is to distribute weight evenly across all four wheels, and Porsche does a great job of this.

Acceleration. Porsche also has a significant advantage here. It is logical that with intensive acceleration, starting from a standstill, the rear axle should have as much weight as possible. This will reduce tire slip on the surface. Less slip, more torque will be spent not on heating the environment, but on acceleration. A rear-engined Porsche will carry 15% more weight on the rear axle than a comparable front-engined sports car. An extremely important factor when there is a lot of power under the hood.

Why is AWD on a Porsche 911 so cool? Everything is extremely simple here. The mechanically all-wheel drive system consists of:, sending power through the axle shafts to the rear wheels, a universal joint, an electronically controlled multi-plate clutch.

Technically, the distribution of torque and power can vary from 40% to the front axle to 95% to the rear. What does it do? A complete feeling of handling, like a rear wheel drive car. “But wait! - the connoisseur will exclaim, - other automakers are doing the same. For example, Audi's new models are also capable of distributing power to the axles in a similar order. " And he will be formally right.

This model, built by the offspring of the hero of the engineering battles Ferdinand Porsche, Ferry and Butzi, was released in late September 1963. Rather, I haven't seen it yet: people were shown only a full-size model, the car itself was built a little later. The controversy of the creators around it did not subside for a minute, but when the last screw was tightened, everyone unanimously decided that the model did not even need testing. In the fall of 64, a brand new sports coupe went on sale, and the public recognized it as an ideal. And although the Porsche 911 has existed for seven generations and is still in production today, we decided to write about the most outstanding modifications of this car.

Purebred classic

The Nine hundred and eleventh model was conceived by Ferry Porsche as an improved version of the Porsche 356 sports car. The son of the famous inventor, he saw the legacy of his father, Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, the most innovative body in the European automotive industry, has therefore always strived to stay ahead of the competition. Already together with his son, Buci, he came up with the look of a new car, continuing the traditions of the great Ferdinand, whose cars have proven themselves so well among speed lovers. The 911 coupe represented a new stage in the evolution of the Porsche model range - the car was more powerful, more comfortable and faster than the company's two previous cars. Back in 1959, Ferry and Butzi showed his sketches to the engineer Erwin Komenda, who brought to mind all the "crazy" projects of the Porsche house. This is how another scandal broke out, which did not subside for 4 years ...

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Gerru Komende immediately did not like the design of the new sports coupe: the sloping nose, the "big-eyed" headlights, the almost complete absence of horizontal planes - almost everything here indicated the relationship of the project with the 356 model and the beetle that had already set the teeth on edge. To bring these machines to mind, Erwin at one time spent hundreds of thousands of nerve cells, and therefore would rather agree to the renewal of the blockade of the Allies, if only not to take up such work again. In his favor, he gave weighty arguments, arguing that the rear-engine layout has exhausted itself, and that with the body, which is offered by Porsche, there are no problems at the stage of mass production. Ferry and Butzi listened to the master with all attention, but did not give up their ideas. As a result, it took Komende more than two years to optimize the technological capabilities of the assembly halls for the new body.

The whole technical base, which Erwin had to bring to mind again, went to the "nine hundred and eleventh" inherited from the previous developments of the Porsche family. This is an air-cooled boxer engine located in the rear of the car, and rear-wheel drive, and torsion bars as elastic suspension elements.

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When the body of the new Porsche was shown at the 1963 Frankfurt Motor Show, the spiteful critics just chuckled in their mustaches. The motor was not yet ready, but the competitors were already sure that the song of the Stuttgart enthusiasts had been sung. According to most auto manufacturers, rear-engine cars are already outdated, and only artless mass media like Volkswagen could exploit this idea. However, by the 65th model year, the production of a new sports coupe with a prancing horse on the hood was established, and the administration of Porsche A.G. filled up with orders. The demand for the "nine hundred and eleventh" was so great and unchanged that it surprised even the creators of this model, who predicted for it a maximum of 15 years of life in the assembly areas. I'm sure Ferry Porsche would be even more surprised if he found out that this year the sports coupe celebrated its 63rd anniversary and is still relevant!

Features:

For 25 years of release of the first generation "nine hundred and eleventh", the design of neither the chassis, nor the power units, nor the body has practically not changed. In spite of the “advisers” who argued that the rear-engined scheme was futile, this small and nimble machine has become an icon of the Porsche lineup. Despite the fact that the coupe was never considered cheap, its sales level was consistently high, which caused the 911's karma to increase exponentially.

Targa and Turbo

In 1968, when the passions around the "nine hundred and eleventh" thoroughly subsided, and the coupe received recognition even overseas, the Stuttgart people began to be creative. For the US market, which they still had to conquer, Porsche engineers released the 911 coupe in a strange, that is, with a semi-rigid roof. This unusual decision was prompted by rumors that the American government on its roads plans to refuse certification to any new cars. For security purposes, of course.

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These rumors were not confirmed, but the Americans snapped up the bizarre coupe-targa like hot cakes without them. Knowing that the Yankees love everything shiny, Porsche designers have come up with tons of nice options for this version. A “semi-cabriolet” could be completed with a fashionable steering wheel with a wooden rim, a special “horned” bumper, and even a driver's mirror with a sun visor! Probably, all these things, including the corporate beige color, impressed American motorists more than the Sportomatic semi-automatic gearbox, which was included in the 911 Targa Coupe a year later. Despite the fact that in Europe a car with a semi-rigid roof was ready to be raised on stakes, in the United States it was in demand even after Porsche A.G. announced the replenishment of the range of bodies in the form of a real convertible.

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The turbocharged version in the history of the famous sports coupe appeared only in 1975, a year after the so-called big restyling. The second generation "nine hundred and eleventh" was officially presented, which already bore the index 930. The changes concerned both the appearance of the car and its technological elements, although nothing was radically redesigned. Now, the manufacturer put more emphasis on passive safety and environmental friendliness of the coupe (double-circuit belts, injury-free steering wheel, reinforced bumpers).

The engine in the 911 Turbo was built from a new block of cylinders, albeit with the same piston stroke as the 70.4 mm model, but cast from a new alloy and received new fasteners. Its working volume was 2.993 cm³, and its power was 259 hp. Engineers modernized the power system with K-Jetronic for turbocharging, replacing six intake manifolds with one common, H-shaped. The turbocharger was located on the left side of the engine compartment, with the wastegate underneath. Cooling of such an engine required a more developed lubrication system, which led to an increase in the volume of oil in the system (about 12 liters for replacement!).

Features:

The 911 Turbo is the first successful attempt by Porsche engineers to transfer the dynamics of a track car to a civilian sports car. Despite some technological imperfections, such as uninformative brakes and the appearance of a turbo lag, even a fragile girl could cope with this car. F. Porsche's granddaughter has proven this more than once, driving the very first 911 Turbo, donated to her by the Stuttgart company.

New jump

In the mid-80s, the Porsche house was in a state of perpetual nervousness, because everyone around knew that it was time to change the 911 model. But no one could even imagine what and how. Perfect design integrity drove the model into a corner. Everything that is possible and even more has already been replaced in it: the power of the power units exceeded the reserves for modernizing the chassis by almost 2.5 times! But cars with an archaic engine were still as popular as they were 25 years ago. Even though technologically the “nine hundred and eleventh” coupe was outdated, people liked it, although each new modification was less safe than the previous one ...

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The last point moved the situation off the ground. Requirements for the passive safety of cars, mandatory for the American market, could permanently exclude Porsche A.G. from its largest source of income. Stuttgart engineers needed to release a new hit that would surpass the "nine hundred and eleventh" in everything, without pushing the sales of the latter. So the world saw the light of one of the most commercially correct models, the 964 coupe.

All the technological principles that made the Porsche 911 famous were also respected in the new project: a rear-engined layout, an air-cooled boxer, a "big-eyed" streamlined body - everything was present in the new coupe, and even a little more. First, the engineers built a new chassis. Secondly, the internal structure of the car body has been redesigned for better safety. Thirdly, the Stuttgart people have finally begun to introduce popular electronic technologies into their lineup. So, in 1987, the favorite of the best racers on both sides of the ocean received ABS and power steering. Perhaps at that moment, atheist Porsche 911 fans first came to believe ...

Features:

Among other things, the 964 received a new 3.6 liter engine. So in the lineup of "nine hundred and eleventh" there was a car, the front wheels of which received a part of the torque. This freed the engineers' hands for four-wheel drive experiments, culminating in the track version of the Carrera 4. In addition, the engine received the "evil" turbine in history, blowing out 360 hp!

The last of the opposing

In their opposed surveys, the Stuttgart engineers have risen to unattainable heights. The turbocharged engine of the 993 model even exceeded Everest in steepness, developing more than 400 hp. The number of pumping elements has doubled here, and there are six gears. Such a device could make a hundred in a measly 4.2 seconds. And all this took place in 1995, comrades!

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But this heavyweight record holder posed a serious danger to drivers with the wind in their heads. The car demanded from its owner the utmost concentration on the road, especially when he crossed the speed limit of the second hundred kilometers. To make life easier for him, the manufacturer equipped this coupe with a new multi-link suspension and an on-board computer that can keep track of so that the 993 does not sag on the rear wheel during long corners. The effect of the rear "sledgehammer", characteristic of turbochargers, also became less, but the danger still lurked the gaping pilot. For mistakes this "oppositor" punished severely.

The culmination of the creation of the Porsche 911 lineup was the coupe with the index 997. In any case, until the appearance of the seventh generation in 2013, it was so. Having an external resemblance to the cars of previous generations, this model differs from them radically, since its body panels have been redesigned. Thanks to the extensive use of aluminum and high-strength steel in the structure, this Porsche has achieved high torsional stiffness values \u200b\u200btogether with a significant reduction in overall weight. Also, the 997 received active shock absorbers, electronically controlled four-wheel drive, benchmark ergonomics, and a 7-band robotic transmission with two clutches, which made it possible to change gears in a hundredth of a second.

Features:

Smart electronics arrived late at the Porsche House, but Stuttgart caught up in the blink of an eye. Now their sports cars are among the fastest and safest in the world. And track copies have turned into speed killers. What lovely car metamorphoses can be sometimes ...

Epilogue

Do you think, reader, can an ordinary car change the world? Forbes magazine's editorial board, for example, don't be fools, thinks so, recognizing the Porsche 911 as one of ten cars that did it. And the international jury of the "Car of the Century" competition awarded him the fifth place, right after a relative, VW Kafer. The total circulation of this model exceeded 250 thousand copies, which makes it the most massive sports car in history. And no matter how malignant D. Clarkson was during his time as the host of "Top Gear", claiming that "the body engineers of Porsche A.G. are the laziest people in business, they have not been doing anything for the last half century ”, the legacy of the“ nine hundred and eleventh ”compartment is difficult to overestimate.

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Idea 911

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Ferry Porsche and his son Ferdinand Alexander have created the 911, a sports car icon that has fascinated people for over 50 years. The secret of success: a harmonious combination of timeless design and a unique - as our engineers say - layout. The 2 + 2 seating arrangement is the ideal solution for a thoroughbred compact sports car, which also fully meets the requirements of everyday use. The compact engine is located at the rear for excellent traction and the inimitable feeling behind the wheel of a 911.Since 1963, we have worked every day to make the 911 even better. And we have never been so close to our goal.

The eighth generation 911 embodies all the best qualities of its predecessors and thus reflects both respect for tradition and an aspiration for the future. The silhouette is iconic. Timeless design. Technology - born on the racetrack and always going one step ahead. The result is the 911 at its most beautiful and modern. With many historical references, and yet showing the future of the sports car. This makes the 911 a timeless car.

911.
Out of time.

Design

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One line is enough to describe the 911: the so-called Flyline, which runs along the long, low bonnet, steeply rising windscreen and gently sloping roof. It was a characteristic element of the ancestor of all 911s even more than 50 years ago and finds its highly modern expression in today's 911.

The best place to start your 911 design is where its heart beats - the boxer engine. The powerful rear end largely defines the 911's energetic proportions. Its straight, horizontal lines are crisp and precise, emphasizing the vehicle's clean design and focus on what matters most.

Salon

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Good design must be future-proof, just like technology. Therefore, when creating the 911 salon, designers took new paths, keeping in mind its previous strengths and adding new possibilities. Principle: analog precision combined with digital integration - and, as always, with the utmost focus on the driver.

Noteworthy is the horizontal orientation of the cabin. All main controls are located in the immediate vicinity to the left and right of the multifunction sports steering wheel. And thus in the immediate vicinity of the driver. This principle was characteristic of the first three generations of 911 and allowed for a clear, lightweight interior architecture and high driving comfort.

Directly in front of the driver's eyes is a dashboard with an analogue rev counter in the center. To the left and right of it are two high-resolution 7-inch displays. The virtual instruments of these displays provide important information about the vehicle. Adjacent to the dashboard is a 10.9-inch high-resolution touchscreen display that is part of Site Communication Management (PCM).

Dynamics

Dynamics

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The 911 engines are based on the biturbo concept. Among the outstanding qualities of these units are the ability to develop high revs, extremely responsive responses and impressive maximum torque, which is already achieved at low revs. In other words, brilliant technical characteristics that will delight anyone.

Turbocharger

The engines have two superchargers, one for each cylinder bank, and a charge air cooling system. The latter is an important component of the exhaust gas turbocharging system. It contributes significantly to increased power while reducing harmful emissions. Both charge air coolers are swapped with an air filter. Whereas previously they were located on the sides in the rear fenders, now the intercoolers are located in the middle right above the engine in the center under the grille of the rear cover. This arrangement allows for improved cooling air supply and return. The result is a significant increase in efficiency.

Models are characterized not only by an increase in engine power and economy. Its legs are moved closer to the middle of the car. This seems like a very minor change, but it actually offers a big benefit: the engine gets stiffer mountings, which significantly improves stability. Vibrations are reduced, while driving comfort, on the contrary, is increased.

Active air dampers

Active air flaps in the front air intakes help meet the challenge of reducing fuel consumption in everyday life and maximizing performance on the racetrack. The flaps automatically close while driving and thereby reduce the drag coefficient. They open on demand, and in SPORT, SPORT PLUS or PSM Sport modes, to provide optimum engine cooling. In this way, only the amount of cooling air that is actually required is supplied. An effective solution. And smart too.

Auto Start Stop function

The Auto Start Stop function turns off the engine at less than 7 km / h and moderate deceleration. For example, when you roll up to a traffic light. As soon as you release the brake pedal and press the accelerator pedal, the engine starts again - quickly and conveniently.

Sports exhaust system

The sports exhaust system delivers the impressive resonance and intense sports sound typical of a 911. It has a center end muffler, from which two tailpipes are located on the sides of the body. These uniquely designed tailpipes are available in silver or black stainless steel.

Transmission

Transmission

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8-speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) gearbox

The advanced 8-speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) gearbox enables very fast gear changes - literally in milliseconds - without interrupting tractive effort. Compared to the previous generation, the 8-speed PDK offers significantly more options for superior comfort, high dynamics and impressive economy.

PDK consists of two gearboxes mounted in one housing. Two clutches alternately connect the two transmissions via two separate shafts to the engine. Engine torque is always transmitted through one of the two gearbox modules and one clutch, while the next gear is already engaged in the second module. When changing stages, one clutch is opened and the other is simultaneously closed. The result is very fast gear changes without interrupting tractive effort, which means that the tuning is very sporty. This is especially noticeable in gears 1 to 6, which have sporty gear ratios and top speed is reached in gear 6.

And the efficiency? Also high. Thanks to the additional eighth stage, it is possible to select the optimal gear ratios for the two overdrive gears (7th and 8th), as well as optimally match them with the 6th gear. As a result, the rotational speed is reduced, even at high speeds. This improves efficiency and comfort on long journeys.

Porsche Traction Management (PTM)

An essential part of all 911 all-wheel drive models: Porsche Traction Management (PTM). The electronically controlled multi-plate clutch in the PTM optimally distributes torque between the permanently driven rear axle and the front axle. Continuous monitoring of driving conditions allows you to respond to the occurrence of various situations. The sensors monitor the speed of all 4 wheels, longitudinal and lateral acceleration and the steering angle, among other things. If, for example, the rear wheels begin to slip during acceleration, the multi-plate clutch directs more torque to the front wheels.

This is how the PTM system, in conjunction with Porsche Stability Management (PSM), ensures the correct distribution of torque in every situation for optimal traction and especially harmonious handling in extreme conditions.

Porsche Torque Vectoring Plus (PTV Plus)

The system uses controlled braking of the rear wheels and a rear differential lock to increase driving dynamics and stability. For dynamic driving, the inner rear wheel is slightly braked during steering movements. As a result, more torque is supplied to the outer wheel, and the car receives an additional impulse, “fueling” it into the turn. This allows you to more confidently and dynamically take turns.

The rear differential is locked electronically and the torque distribution is infinitely variable. In this way, together with Porsche Stability Management (PSM), this system optimally realizes its stability benefits, even on roads with different grip coefficients, as well as in rain and snow.

The result for the driver? High driving stability and outstanding traction. Exemplary agility at all speeds - with balanced load response and precise handling. What else? Maximum cornering pleasure.

Chassis

Chassis

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Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM)

PASM is an electronic shock absorber adjustment system. It actively and continuously adjusts the damping forces at each wheel to suit road conditions and driving style. In this way, the system reduces body sway and increases comfort with greater driving dynamics.

PASM has two positions, which can be selected with a button above the center console: in normal mode, the system sets the dampers to sporty comfort, and in sport mode to hard.

The new valves provide a wide control range and precise damping force variation. Moreover, everything happens much faster. In addition, the high damping force can be used even at low speeds. And with tangible results: more stability, more comfort and above all more sporty style in all driving conditions.

Porsche Stability Management (PSM)

Porsche Stability Management (PSM) is an automatic system for stabilizing the vehicle at its dynamic limits. Sensors constantly monitor the direction of travel, speed, yaw and lateral acceleration.

On this basis, the PSM calculates the actual direction of travel and initiates targeted braking of the individual wheels so that the vehicle does not deviate from the desired path. When accelerating on roads with different grip coefficients, PSM improves traction with a simulated interwheel differential lock (ABD) and traction control (ASR). For high stability and road safety as well as exceptional maneuverability.

Rear wheel steering system

The rear-wheel steering system enhances agility and everyday suitability in equal measure. This system significantly improves handling while increasing stability.

Advantage in daily use: at low speeds, the system turns the rear wheels in phase with the front. This allows the wheelbase to be virtually reduced. As a result, the turning circle is reduced, cornering is more dynamic and parking is noticeably easier.

Advantage for sporty driving: At high speeds, the system steers the rear wheels in the same direction as the front. The virtual increase in the wheelbase improves driving stability, and the simultaneous steering of the front and rear wheels improves maneuverability.

Front lift system

The front lift system increases ground clearance on the front axle. The lift is carried out to a height of 40 mm at a speed of no more than 35 km / h. The system helps to ensure that curbs, ramps and garage entrances are no longer an insurmountable obstacle for you.

Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control (PDCC)

PDCC is an active roll control system. When cornering, it minimizes body tilt. In addition, it reduces the rocking motion of the vehicle on undulating surfaces. As a result, the system improves dynamics, contributes to neutral steering and improves comfort - at all speeds.

Brakes

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Slow down to relax and, at least for a moment, forget about striving for high results. This is not our style. When our engineers talk about slowing down, everything has to happen extremely quickly.

The brakes are sized to match the performance of the 911 models. The 911 Carrera models use 4-piston aluminum monobloc fixed calipers with black anodizing at the front and rear. Brake disc diameter: 330 mm on both axles. The 911 Carrera S models are equipped with red 6-piston aluminum monobloc fixed calipers at the front and 4-piston aluminum monobloc fixed calipers at the rear. Front and rear brake discs have a diameter of 350 mm. For high braking power and reliability.

Brakes Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake (PCCB)

Tested in motorsport: the optional Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake (PCCB). On the 911, perforated PCCB ceramic discs have a diameter of 410 mm at the front and 390 mm at the rear for even higher stopping power. The PCCB features yellow 6-piston aluminum monobloc fixed calipers on the front axle and 4-piston aluminum monobloc fixed calipers on the rear. They provide a significantly higher and above all constant pressure in the system during deceleration.

Especially at high loads, favorable conditions are created for short braking distances. In addition, safety is increased when braking from high speeds, since PCCBs are highly resistant to loss of efficiency when overheated. Another advantage of the ceramic brake system is the low weight of the brake discs. They are about 50% lighter than cast iron, similar in design and size. As a result, unsprung masses are reduced, which improves traction, comfort and ride comfort - especially on uneven surfaces. Also, maneuverability and controllability of the car go to a higher level.

If we have learned anything over the 70 years of sports car history, it is the ability to confidently go our own way. Therefore, the wheels and tires on the rear axle are not only wider, but also larger than on the front axle. While the wider contact patch improves dynamics, the larger rear wheel diameter contributes to greater stability and comfort.

As standard, the 911 Carrera models are equipped with 19/20-inch 5 split-spoke Carrera wheels, while the S models are equipped with 20- / 21-inch 10-spoke Carrera S wheels. Material: light alloy, of course. Design: sporty classic. Timeless. Do you want even more dynamism? Filigree? Or do you like rims in body color? A variety of 20/21-inch wheels in various designs are available on request.

Dynamics enhancement systems

Dynamics enhancement systems

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SPORT mode

The SPORT button allows you to choose between a comfortable and sporty vehicle setting. At the push of a button, the electronic engine management system provides an even sportier response. The dynamics of the powertrain rises to an even higher level, upshifts are performed later and downshifts earlier. The optional sports exhaust system is switched on.

Sport Chrono Package

An adrenaline rush at the touch of a button, thrilling emotions: the optional Sport Chrono Package with mode selector and Porsche Track Precision app. Its functions provide an even sportier setting for the chassis, engine and transmission.

The drive mode switch with the SPORT Response button on the steering wheel allows you to select one of five drive modes. These are Normal, SPORT, SPORT PLUS and Individual, which gives you the opportunity to individually adapt the car settings to your driving style, as well as the WET mode.

In SPORT mode, the 911 is even more dynamic. In SPORT PLUS mode, Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM) and optional Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control (PDCC), together with rear-wheel steering, provide sportier damping and confident cornering.

In addition, the Sport Chrono Package offers three additional functions. First function: Launch Control. In SPORT PLUS mode, it provides the highest possible acceleration when accelerating from standstill.

Second function: the so-called “racing shift algorithm”. The PDK is designed for the shortest possible switching times and optimum shift points for maximum acceleration. For uncompromising racing sensations and active gear changes.

The third function - SPORT Response - is activated by the button in the middle of the mode switch. The engine and transmission are geared towards maximum power output. As a result, the powertrain makes the most of its capabilities in about 20 seconds.

The stopwatch on the dash is part of the Sport Chrono Package, which also includes Dynamic Engine Mounts, an electronically controlled system that minimizes the perceptible vibrations and vibrations of the transmission and, in particular, the engine. Thus it combines the advantages of hard and soft supports. In short, it improves stability and increases comfort. The Sport Chrono Package also includes the Porsche Track Precision * app for lap times and driving data. Using a smartphone, they can be recorded, analyzed, compared and exchanged with other drivers.

PSM Sport

In combination with the optional Sport Chrono Package, PSM is complemented by a Sport mode. This mode allows for a much sportier driving style, with PSM not deactivated and monitors the situation in the background. This allows for a more direct driving experience.

PASM sports suspension

The PASM sports suspension is also available for the first time on the 911 Carrera S Cabriolet models. The body is lowered by 10 mm compared to the conventional PASM suspension. The springs are stiffer and shorter, and the anti-roll bars on the front and rear axles are torsionally stiff. The spring rate settings have been significantly increased, making the 911 even more neutral and balanced on the road and on the circuit without significantly limiting its suitability for everyday driving.

In combination with the PASM sports suspension, the front lip is sportier and the rear spoiler extends even further. All this contributes not only to a decrease in lift at the front axle, but also to create downforce at the rear. The improved aerodynamics lead to a further increase in handling performance with surprisingly high comfort.

* The use of the application is allowed only in closed polygons. The use of this product (in particular, video recording) may be prohibited by law in certain markets or events. Before using the product, please check if its use is permitted by local laws.

Air conditioning and glazing

Air conditioning and glazing

More details

Air conditioning system

Dual-zone climate control offers the possibility of separate temperature control for the driver and front passenger. A fine activated carbon filter traps dirt, pollen and odors by carefully removing even the smallest dust from the outside air before it enters the passenger compartment. The automatic system constantly monitors the air quality, reduces its humidity and, if necessary, stops the supply of outside air, switching to recirculation mode.

Ionization

The optional ionisation system improves air quality. For this, the air from the climate control first passes through the ionizer. As a result, the number of viruses, bacteria and spores in the air is significantly reduced, the air itself becomes noticeably fresher, and the microclimate in the cabin is more pleasant.

Sliding / tilt sunroof

The electrically conductive tilt-slide sunroof slides outward when opened. An important advantage: headroom is not reduced. Another advantage: the special design allows a particularly large opening. For even more outdoor driving pleasure. The mesh wind deflector provides protection from drafts and contributes to greater acoustic comfort.

Sunroof with electrically operated glass slide / tilt cover

The tinted, tinted, single-pane safety glass motorized slide / tilt cover features a motorized sunshade to provide protection from excessive light. The cover design, headroom and hatch area are the same as for a conventional cover.

Lighting and driver assistance systems

Lighting technology and driver assistance systems

More details

The headlights of all 911 models are fully implemented with the latest LED technology. They are characterized by fast response and particularly bright light. Typical Porsche: 4-point daytime running lights and low beam. The strip of light between the three-dimensional taillights is a common feature of all 911 models and uses the latest LED technology. Also noteworthy is the centrally located third brake light.

LED headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System Plus (PDLS Plus)

The LED headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System Plus (PDLS Plus) are equipped with dynamic range control, dynamic cornering light, speed-dependent dipped beam assist and high-beam assist. For better illumination of the near and far areas in front of the vehicle, as well as the side zone - and thus for greater safety.

Matrix LED headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System Plus (PDLS Plus)

Even better visibility is guaranteed by LED headlights with matrix technology and high-beam assist. Matrix technology allows for the targeted deactivation of constant light cone segments. 84 individually controllable LEDs adapt the lighting level to the current situation, either dimmable or completely off. This prevents dazzle of vehicle drivers in front of you or towards you, while still providing excellent illumination of other areas. To optimize the direction of the driver's gaze, not only the selected dimming of oncoming traffic is performed, but also the brightness of the light to the right of the darkened area is increased. If the light hits the highly reflective road signs, a segmented dimming is performed to prevent dazzling of the driver. In addition, the LED matrix headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System Plus (PDLS Plus) feature an electronic cornering light system that optimally illuminates bends by switching individual LEDs on and off.

A rare luxury in the modern world: a time that allows you to focus only on what is directly in front of us. On the road, for example. Or at the next bend. In this you will be supported by assistance systems that will allow you to keep complete peace of mind while driving.

Porsche WET mode *

The 911 is equipped with an innovative system with a special WET mode that detects wet roads and provides the driver with the support they need. Thanks to sensors in the front wheel arches, the system is able to detect flying splashes of water and thus determine if the road is wet. In this case, a command is issued to prepare to change the responsiveness of the PSM and PTM systems. The system informs the driver

Thanks to sensors in the front wheel arches, the system is able to detect flying splashes of water and thus determine that the road is wet. In this case, a command is issued to prepare to change the responsiveness of the PSM and PTM systems. The system informs the driver that the road is wet and recommends manually switching to WET mode. If the driver activates this mode, the system adapts among others PSM, PTM, aerodynamics, PTV Plus and drive responsiveness.

Collision warning system with brake assist

The standard Collision Warning with Brake Assist can significantly reduce the risk of accidents involving other vehicles and cyclists within its capabilities. With the help of the front camera, the system recognizes vehicles in the danger zone, as well as pedestrians or cyclists, and gives the driver a visual and audible warning at the first stage.

In the second stage of the system, a braking impulse is generated if your vehicle approaches other vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists too quickly. Braking, which is subsequently performed by the driver, can be intensified up to emergency. If the driver does not react, automatic emergency braking is applied to reduce or avoid the impact of a collision.

Lane Keeping Assist with Traffic Sign Recognition

Lane Keeping Assist uses a camera to detect lane markings. The system supports the driver by steering to help keep the vehicle in the lane.

The integrated traffic sign recognition system uses camera and navigation data to recognize speed limits, overtaking prohibitions, as well as city entry and exit points, displaying relevant information on the dashboard. Advantage: In contrast to a system using information stored in the navigation system's database, this system can also recognize temporary speed limits.

Another function of the traffic sign recognition system: based on the data of the navigation system and the recognition by the camera of signs that warn of a sharp turn, the system displays the direction of the road on the dashboard display. Long before you reach the turn. What is the benefit to you? More comfort. And more confidence when driving, for example on long journeys.

Lane change assist with turn assist

Lane Change Assist uses radar sensors to monitor the area behind your 911, including the blind spot. When changing lanes, the system informs the driver with a visual signal in the outside rear-view mirror about vehicles that are quickly approaching from behind or are in the “blind” zone. For greater comfort and safety, especially on expressways.

A special assistant helps you when cornering at low speeds. At intersections, this turn assist can, within its capabilities, display a visual indication that warns you of objects in the blind spot.

Night vision system

The night vision system allows the driver to see beyond the range of the headlights. For this, an infrared camera detects pedestrians or large animals even before they are in the headlights. The corresponding image on the dashboard informs the driver about the danger: living creatures are highlighted in yellow, and at a critical distance to the car - in red, and an additional warning signal sounds. At the same time, the stopping distance reduction system is activated. If the vehicle is equipped with LED matrix headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System Plus (PDLS Plus), the headlight on the pedestrian's side, on the road or on the side of the road, flashes three times to illuminate it while simultaneously attracting the driver's attention.

Parking assistance system with front and rear sensors

The standard parking aid system warns you with an audible signal of obstacles in front of and behind the vehicle. The system issues an acoustic and optional visual warning in the form of a schematic representation of the vehicle in the center display.

Rear View Camera

A reversing camera facilitates accurate parking and reversing maneuvers. In this case, auxiliary dynamic guide lines on the PCM screen illustrate the trajectory of the vehicle at the selected angle of rotation of the wheels.

Parking Assist with Surround View System

The Surround View System complements the rearview camera with three more high-resolution cameras at the front and bottom of the rearview mirror housings. Based on information from 4 cameras, the system generates a virtual view of the car in a projection from above and displays it on the PCM display. In addition, you have a choice of different camera perspectives to, for example, improve visibility when driving in poorly viewed areas.

* The driver is solely responsible for choosing an adequate driving mode depending on the weather and road conditions. The WET mode is not able to take into account all conditions and provide assistance to the driver in any situation.

Burmester ® High End Surround Sound System

Perhaps the road is the last place in the world where you can safely listen to music. Good enough reason to do it Porsche style. Together with Burmester®, one of the most important German manufacturers of high-end audio systems, we have developed the optional Burmester® High End Surround Sound System. The result: the highest quality sound that has been individually tailored to your 911 through numerous measurements and auditions. Here's how it sounds in numbers: 13 channels of amplification, 13 highly efficient speakers, including a 300W Class D powered subwoofer. The result: Highest sounding performance at 855 watts over a frequency range of 35 Hz to 20 kHz.

At the same time, the Burmester ® system also includes a patented subwoofer integrated into the body shell, which replaces the separate woofers that are more common in other systems. Ribbon tweeters (Air-Motion Transformer, AMT) are used to achieve unparalleled softness, clarity and naturalness at high frequencies. All speaker chassis are precisely matched to each other and, thanks to the use of analog and digital filters, provide a natural and rich surround sound even at the highest volume. Exclusive presets allow you to tailor the sound to suit your personal preferences. The Sound Enhancer system further optimizes the sound when playing files in compressed formats.

The Porsche Connect app connects you digitally to your Porsche. Synchronize your goals and calendar with your Porsche, plan your trips with real-time traffic information, and enjoy music services.

Get information about your sports car and control individual functions from your smartphone. Use your personal navigator to find your way to your Porsche or from your car to your final destination. By calculating the route using the latest online maps, your sports car can get you to your destination even faster.

An LTE telephone module is required to use Porsche Connect. It has a SIM card reader which is highly user-friendly as well as optimized data transmission quality. Both in your 911 and when communicating with your smartphone or tablet. In some countries, you are additionally offered a built-in SIM-card with LTE support, including paid traffic. With the exception of music streaming, you can conveniently use all the services of the navigation and infotainment package. All music services and the built-in WiFi hotspot in the vehicle require a data package which can be purchased from the Porsche Connect Store *. Of course, you can still use your own SIM card. To do this, you need to conclude a separate agreement with the mobile operator of your choice.

Services and applications for smartphones

Porsche Connect gives you access to convenient services and functions that support you both before and after driving your 911, during and after. Operation is very easy using the Porsche Connect app via PCM or My Porsche. This allows you to focus more on what matters most with Porsche Connect and the package that combines navigation and infotainment functions.

The Finder service will help you with this. With it, you can find targets of any kind in just a few seconds. For example, covered parking so that the rain does not interfere with your plans. Or a good restaurant for meeting friends, which the application will recommend to you based on the reviews of other visitors.

Focus your attention on the road with Voice Pilot, an online voice control system. Just tell me where you want to go. For example, you want to see a point of interest at your destination. Voice Pilot will understand you without having to enter a detailed address.

Apple ® CarPlay

With Apple® CarPlay, Porsche Connect allows you to control your iPhone® apps while driving a Porsche. It makes it easy and safe to use applications such as Phone, Music or News while you travel through PCM and Apple's Siri® speech recognition system.

My porsche

Each Porsche can be configured according to your wishes. This also applies to Porsche Connect. The www.site / myporsche website offers you the opportunity to personalize and control many of the functions and services of Porsche Connect according to your wishes. You can plan your route, send it to your Porsche, check your car's fuel level or last ride information, and check if the windows and doors are closed. If you wish, your family and friends can access My Porsche and thus operate some of the functions of your sports car.

Porsche Connect Store

Do you want to renew your contract or purchase additional Porsche Connect services? Visit the Porsche Connect store at www.site / connect-store and check out the offer and possibilities of Porsche Connect. You will find information on other services, applications and functions on the Internet, including information about their availability for your vehicle in your country. It should also be said that the list of available services is constantly expanding. On www ..

* Note: The Porsche Connect service includes a free trial period, which may vary depending on the package and country, but in any case it is at least 3 months. In some countries, Porsche Connect services are not available or are only partially available. In addition, in some countries, the price of selected Porsche Connect services includes the cost of the SIM card with traffic package. A paid traffic package is available in the Porsche Connect Store for WiFi hotspot and other Porsche Connect services, including music streaming via the integrated SIM card. Alternatively, you can use your own SIM card to establish a data connection. You can find more detailed information on the free terms of using the services, subsequent costs and the availability of services in your country on the Internet at www ..

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Porsche 911 and the six-cylinder boxer engine. The main advantages of the engine are its flat shape, low weight and compactness. The six-cylinder boxer engine is smooth running. It lacks the so-called free moments and forces. In addition, boxer engines are very well suited to lower the vehicle's center of gravity. Horizontal cylinders also contribute to this. And the lower the center of gravity is, the sportier the vehicle will drive.

One of the most striking features of Porsche's six-cylinder boxer engines has been and remains the reduced fuel consumption compared to engine power. This excellent performance is based on an overall concept derived from motorsport. This concept assumes the use of lightweight structures, easy spinning up to high rpm and high power density due to an improved gas exchange process.

It was the baseline characteristics of these engines that drove the decision in favor of a flat-six when the first 911 was introduced. The result was an air-cooled six-cylinder boxer engine with an axial fan - for high rpm and smoother operation - and overhead camshafts ... For the engine displacement, two liters were initially selected with the possibility of a subsequent increase to 2.7 liters. At that time, none of the Porsche specialists could even imagine that an engine of this type in its basic form would last until 1998 and that its displacement would increase to 3.8 liters.

The history of development

The company emblem is a coat of arms that carries the following information: red and black stripes and antlers are symbols of the German state of Baden-Württemberg (the capital of Baden-Württemberg is the city of Stuttgart), and the inscription “Porsche” and a prancing stallion in the center of the emblem remind that the brand's native Stuttgart was founded as a horse farm in 950. This logo first appeared in 1952, when the brand entered the US market, for better recognition. Previously, the 356 had simply the Porsche lettering on the hoods.

1931-1948: from ideas to mass production
By the time the first car was released under his own name, Ferdinand Porsche had accumulated considerable experience.
In 1931 the enterprise Dr. ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH, of which he was the founder and leader, has already worked on projects such as the 16-cylinder racing Auto Union and the Beetle, which has become one of the best-selling cars in history.
In 1939, on the eve of World War II, the very first Porsche 64 was developed, in which the features of the future Porsche 356 were already guessed. To build this instance, Ferdinand Porsche used many components from the famous Beetle.
Ferdinand Porsche Jr. became the successor of his father's business. Having received his education and the first skills of independent work, he moved to Stuttgart to work in the company just created by his father.
During World War II, the firm was engaged in the production of military products - staff vehicles and amphibians. Porsche also took part in the development of the Tiger tanks.

1948-1965: first steps

Since the end of 1945, when his father was imprisoned in France, Ferdinand Jr. moved the family business to the Austrian city of Gmünd, and also took over the production on his own.
Together with Karl Rabe, Ferdinand assembled a prototype of the Porsche 356 and began preparing the model for series production. In June 1948 this specimen was certified for public roads. As well as nine years ago, units from VW Beetle were used here again.
The first production cars had a fundamental difference - the engine was moved behind the rear axle, which made it possible to reduce the cost of production and free up space for two additional seats in the cabin.

PORSCHE ENGINE DESIGN

ENGINE COMPONENTS

An internal combustion engine is an engine that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy in motion.

The creation of kinetic energy from fuel combustion requires a complex interaction of many mechanical components.

Inline engine

The cylinders in an in-line engine are located one after the other, that is, in a row. This is the most commonly used engine configuration in vehicles.

Benefits:

1. simple construction
2. economical production
3. high smoothness

Disadvantages:

1. takes up more space
2. high center of gravity

Boxer engine

The cylinders in a boxer engine are opposite each other and slightly offset from each other.

Benefits:

1. extra flat and short design
2. reduced center of gravity
3. high smoothness

Disadvantages:

1. complex design with a large number of components

V-shaped engine

The cylinders in the V-shaped engine are grouped into two rows, located at an angle of 60 ° -90 ° to each other. However, the angle can also be 180 °. The difference between the 180 ° V-engine and the boxer engine is that in the boxer engine, each connecting rod is located on a separate crankshaft journal. In a V-shaped engine with a 180 ° cylinder arrangement, one connecting rod journal is divided by two connecting rods, respectively.

Benefits:

1. shorter overall length
2. high smoothness
3. reduced center of gravity

VR engine

Benefits:

1. combination of a narrow in-line engine with a short V-engine design

Disadvantages:

1. irregular lengths of intake and exhaust strokes

W-shaped motor

In a classic W-engine, three rows are arranged in a "W" shape. The angles between the cylinders are less than 90 °.

A special form of the W-engine is the VR V-engine: in this type of engine, the four cylinder banks are arranged in two rows. The arrangement of the cylinders in the row matches the arrangement of the cylinders in the VR engine, and the two rows of cylinders are positioned towards each other as in a V-engine.

Benefits:

Porsche 356

The Porsche 356 was initially powered by a modified 4-cylinder air-cooled engine from a Volkswagen and had an open body. To better distribute the mass along the axes on the prototype, Ferdinand Porsche installed the power unit within the chassis, but an option with its rear location went into production, which made it possible to increase the capacity of the passenger compartment. The first series "356" had a coupe body made of aluminum panels and was manufactured in the Austrian town of Gmünde, therefore it is known as Porsche-Gmünde. To announce the then little-known brand, several 356 series cars took part in the races and achieved good results. The ordinary road-going Porsche 356 could be purchased at a relatively low price, so the demand for a sports car was huge.

To satisfy him, Porsche moved production to Stuttgart, where the Porsche 356 began to be produced with cheaper steel bodies. For production cars, a 4-cylinder boxer engine with a displacement of 1131 cm 3 was used, also borrowed from Volkswagen. Later, Porsche reduced the engine displacement to 1,086 cc, simultaneously reshaping the camshaft cams and installing two downdraft carburetors. So the power of the base motor is 25 hp. at 3000 rpm was increased to 40 hp. at 4000 rpm, while the speed of the car increased to 129 km / h. Then the 356 series was equipped with 1286 engines; 1488 and 1582 cm 3 with power up to 115 hp.

The first German version of the Porsche-356 was a coupe, later a convertible with a soft top or with a removable hard top and a sporty Speedster appeared. The latter became the most interesting and rare model. It was first presented in 1954, but after 2 years, production was curtailed, selling 4922 copies. The Porsche-356 was also produced in the Carrera version with an aluminum coupe body and a forced engine with a working volume of 1582 cm 3 with two camshafts, which made it possible to reach speeds of up to 200 km / h

Porsche 356 (1962)
Engine:	opposed 4-cylinder overhead valve air-cooled
	82.5 × 74 mm
Working volume:	1582 cm 3
Power:	75 h.p.
Transmission:	mechanical 4-speed
Frame:	load-bearing welded
Suspension:	independent torsion bar of all wheels
Brakes:	drum all wheels
Body:	2-seater convertible
Maximum speed:	175 km / h

Porsche 914

In the late 1960s, Porsche entered into a partnership with Volkswagen, hoping to create a low-cost version of a sports car. The result was the Porsche 914. It was a lightweight, mid-engined two-seater first unveiled at the 1969 Frankfurt Motor Show. Buyers had a choice of two air-cooled boxer engine options: the 4-cylinder Volkswagen or the 6-cylinder Porsche 911. The first version, 914/4, was sold under the Volkswagen brand, the second, 914/6, was sold under the Porsche brand. Although the 914 was equipped with a fairly sophisticated 6-cylinder engine, it was not recognized as a “real Porsche,” and few people were delighted with its plain rectangular body. The sales volume was so insignificant that after 1975 only the Volkswagen variant remained in the program, which was offered with engines of 1,756 and 1971 cc displacement.

Porsche 914/6 (1975)
Engine:	opposed 6-cylinder overhead valve air-cooled
Bore and Stroke:	80 x 66 mm
Working volume:	1991 cm 3
Power:	110 h.p.
Transmission:	mechanical 5-speed
Suspension:	front independent on wishbones with torsion bars, rear lever-spring
Brakes:	disc all wheels
Body:	2-door 2-seater convertible
Maximum speed:	206 km / h

Porsche 356 C (1965)

The Porsche 356S is the latest model in the 356 series. Outwardly, it resembles the legendary Volkswagen "bug", on the basis of which it was built (up to the torsion bar suspension). In the rear part of the body is installed a 4-cylinder modernized power unit from Volkswagen.

Engine
Location:	rear longitudinal
Design:	opposed 4-cylinder air-cooled, aluminum alloy cylinder block and cylinder heads
Bore and Stroke:	1582 cm 3
Working volume:	82.5 × 74 mm
Compression ratio:	8,5
Gas distribution system:	central camshaft with pushers and rocker arms
Supply system:	two carburetors "Zenith-32DIX" (Zenith)
Ignition system:	battery
Power:	75 h.p. at 5200 rpm
	117.7 N * m at 4200 rpm
Transmission
Clutch:	single disc dry
Transmission:	mechanical 4-speed, gear ratios: 1,765; 1,130; 0.815
Main gear:	conical with spiral teeth, gear ratio - 4.428
Suspension
Front:	independent torsion bar with stabilizers and telescopic shock absorbers
Back:	split axle on trailing arms with torsion bars and telescopic shock absorbers (optional - on a transverse spring)
Steering:	screw and roller
Brakes:	disc all wheels
Wheels and tires
Wheels:	stamped in size 5.60 × 15
Tires:	diagonal dimensions 165 × 15
Body:	all-metal load-bearing compartment
Dimensions and weight
Length:	4011 mm
Width:	1671 mm
Base:	2101 mm
Track:	front and rear 1305/1273 mm
Weight:	925 kg
Maximum speed:	172 km / h
Acceleration time from zero to 100 km / h:	13.6 s
Average fuel consumption:	9 l / 100 km

Porsche 911 Turbo

At the 1974 Paris Salon, Porsche unveiled a sports car that eclipsed all other exhibits. It was a Porsche 911 Turbo with a 2.6 liter 260 hp engine, equipped with a turbocharger. It accelerated from standstill to 100 km / h in less than 5.5 seconds, which for that time was a very good indicator even for sports cars. The body was distinguished by its characteristic wide rear fenders and massive spoilers. Over the next years, the Porsche-911 Turbo was upgraded several times, and the engine power gradually increased. The next generation car was equipped with a 3-liter engine, and since 1984 the working volume has increased to 3.3 liters. At the same time, the power increased from 270 to 300 hp, and in 1991, up to 320 hp. Since 1992, the new "Turbo 3.6" was powered by a 360 hp engine, which from 1996 increased to 408 hp. Since 1997, the Porsche-911 Turbo-S engine has been producing 450 hp. The car reaches a top speed of 300 km / h.

Porsche 911 Turbo 3.3 (1984)
Engine:	opposed 6-cylinder turbocharged
Bore and Stroke:	97 x 74.4 mm
Working volume:	3299 cm 3
Power:	300 h.p.
Transmission:	mechanical 4-speed
Frame:	welded platform
Suspension:	front independent type "MacPherson", rear lever-torsion bar
Brakes:	disc all wheels
Body:	2-seater compartment
Maximum speed:	260 km / h

Porsche 928

This model, introduced in 1977, was the most comfortable in the Porsche program, a kind of German Ferrari. At first, it was equipped with an 8-cylinder V-shaped engine with 4474 cm 3 liquid cooling with a capacity of 240 hp. The five-speed gearbox was located in the same block with the main gear. The car had good dynamic qualities. However, for a car of this class, they were quite ordinary. Two years later, a modification of the 928S appeared with an engine of 4664 cm 3, which already developed 300 hp. In 1983, another, more comfortable modification appeared with an engine increased to 310 hp. power. For better sales in the United States, the car was equipped with an automatic 4-speed gearbox. The Porsche-968 was distinguished by its excellent driving characteristics, which, not least of all, was explained by the special kinematics of the rear suspension of the "Transaxle" type. Despite the mediocre aerodynamics of the body, the latest modification with a 310 hp engine. developed a speed of up to 255 km / h and had good dynamics. From standstill to 100 km / h, it accelerated in 6.2 s (with a manual transmission).

Porsche 928S (1984)
Engine:	V8 with overhead camshafts and liquid cooling
Bore and Stroke:	97 x 78.9 mm
Working volume:	4664 cm 3
Power:	310 h.p.
Transmission:	mechanical 5-speed or automatic 4-speed
Frame:	carrier platform
Suspension:	fully independent, front - type "MacPherson", rear - multi-link type "Transexl"
Brakes:	disc all wheels
Body:	compartment with 2 + 2 seats
Maximum speed:	255 km / h

Porsche 968

The Porsche 968 is the direct successor to the 944 model. This car appeared in 1991. The firm has once again made an attempt to create a fairly cheap car. Structurally, "968" slightly differed from its predecessor "944" and used a number of units and parts from the production models "Volkswagen" and "Audi" (Audi). The power unit was a 4-cylinder engine with a working volume of 2990 cm 3, which was equipped with balance shafts to increase the smoothness of operation. Its power was 240 hp, and in the 968 Turbo-S, equipped with a turbocharger, it was 305 hp. However, this generally decent car was prohibitively expensive. It has lost a large number of customers it was originally intended for.

Porsche 968 (1992)
Engine:	inline 4-cylinder 16-valve with two overhead camshafts
Bore and Stroke:	104 x 88 mm
Working volume:	2990 cm 3
Power:	240 h.p. at 6200 rpm
Transmission:	mechanical 6-speed or automatic 4-speed
Suspension:	independent of all wheels
Brakes:	ventilated disc all wheels
Body:	load-bearing 2-door coupe or convertible with 2 + 2 seats
Maximum speed:	252 km / h

Porsche boxster

When the Porsche Boxster prototype was first presented to the public in 1993, it was immediately seen as a forward-looking concept for the next decade. After 3 years, the prototype was replaced by the serial "Boxter", which immediately became a car bestseller. The characteristic lines of the front end and sloping rear end speak about the relationship of the "Boxter" with the legendary "Porsche-911", otherwise their design is not repeated.

The body has acquired two side air intakes, individual, not merged into a single block, lamps of an unusual shape appeared at the back. The "Boxter" (for the first time on rear-engined machines) has a liquid-cooled engine. The new boxer 24-valve "six" with two camshafts in the cylinder heads has a displacement of 2.5 liters and is located longitudinally in the center of the chassis in front of the rear axle, which provides a low center of gravity and high stability.

"Boxter" is equipped with a 5-speed manual or automatic transmission of the "Tiptronic" type, which provides two switching modes: automatic or manual. In the latter case, gear shifting is carried out using special buttons ("plus" and "minus") located on the steering wheel. The “Boxter” fabric top is electrically placed in a special compartment behind the seats in just 11 eu. On request, you can install the original hard removable top, which gives the "Boxter" a specific appearance.

Porsche Boxster (1997)
Engine:	opposed 6-cylinder 24-valve liquid-cooled
Bore and Stroke:	85.5 x 72.0 mm
Working volume:	2480 cm 3
Power:	204 h.p. at 6000 rpm
Transmission:	mechanical or automatic 5-speed
Suspension:	independent type "MacPherson" of all wheels
Brakes:	front and rear ventilated discs
Body:	carrier 2-seater roadster
Maximum speed:	240 km / h

Porsche 911 Carrera (1984)

Lightweight and powerful flat 6-cylinder engine equipped with Weber carburetors.

Engine
Location:	rear longitudinal
Design:	opposed 6-cylinder air-cooled
Bore and Stroke:	95 × 74.4 mm
Working volume:	3164 cm 3
Compression ratio:	10,3
Gas distribution system:	one overhead camshaft per cylinder block
Supply system:	electronic fuel injection control system "Bosch Motronic" (Bosch Motronic)
Power:	231 h.p. at 5900 rpm
Maximum torque:	280.6 N * m at 4800 rpm
Transmission
Clutch:	single disc dry
Transmission:	mechanical 5-speed, gear ratios: 3.181; 1.833; 1.261; 0.966; 0.763; reverse gear - 3.325
Main gear:	bevel with spiral teeth, gear ratio - 3.875
Suspension
Front:	independent system "MacPherson" with torsion bars, shock absorbers and anti-roll bars
Back:	independent torsion bar on trailing arms with shock absorbers and anti-roll bars
Steering:	rack and pinion
Brakes:	ventilated with vacuum booster
Wheels and tires
Wheels:	cast from light alloy
Tires:	front size 185 / 70VR15, rear - 215 / 60VR15
Body:	load-bearing 2-door coupe with 2 + 2 seats
Dimensions and weight
Length:	4290 mm
Width:	1649 mm
Base:	2271 mm
Track:	front and rear 1372/1379 mm
Weight:	1160 kg
Maximum speed:	245 km / h
Average fuel consumption:	at a speed of 90 km / h - 6.8 liters; at 120 km / h - 9.0 liters; in a conditional urban cycle - 13.6

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The automotive industry is an area where the hydrogen engine may be widely used in the future. Water, railway transport, aviation, as well as various auxiliary special equipment can use power plants of this type.

Both subsidiaries and large auto concerns (BMW, Volskwagen, Toyota, GM, Daimler AG and others) are interested in introducing hydrogen engine technology. Already on the roads you can find not only prototypes, but also full-fledged representatives of the model range, driven by hydrogen. BMW 750i Hydrogen, Honda FSX, Toyota Mirai and many other models have proven themselves excellently in road tests. Unfortunately, the high cost of hydrogen, the lack of a filling station infrastructure, as well as a sufficient number of qualified employees, equipment for repair and maintenance, do not allow such cars to be launched into mass production. Optimization of the entire cycle of oxyhydrogen gas use is the primary task of the development of hydrogen energy.