MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

Orenburg State University

L.K. AYUKASOVA

BASICS OF DESIGNING PASSENGER CAR SERVICE STATIONS

Recommended by the Academic Council of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Orenburg State University" as a textbook for students enrolled in the program of higher professional education in the specialty "Architecture of residential and public buildings"

Orenburg 2003

BBK 39.33 - 08 y 73 A 98 UDC 656.071.8 (075)

Reviewer Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor A.F. Kolinichenko

member of the Union of Architects of Russia V.L. Abramov

Ayukasova L.K.

A 98 Basics of designing service stations

passenger cars: a textbook. - Orenburg: GOU OSU, 2003 .-- 106 p.

The manual deals with general issues of the maintenance system for passenger cars, the basic principles of design, the relationship of the functional and technological structure of service stations with the layout of the enterprise, its architectural solution.

The manual is intended for students enrolled in vocational education programs in the specialty 290100, in the study of the discipline "Architectural design"

Introduction

Automobile transport in our country is developing at a rapid pace in quality and quantity. The domestic automotive market is saturated with products of the automotive industry not only from Russian manufacturing plants, but also a huge range of selection of cars from other countries is offered. The annual growth rate of the world car fleet is 10-12 million units. Every four out of five vehicles in the world's total fleet are passenger cars, accounting for more than 60% of passengers carried by all modes of transport.

The average saturation of passenger cars in different countries ranges from 50 to 200 or more cars per 1,000 people. It is difficult to predict the maximum level of motorization for any country, but the degree of motorization of the population is growing.

The saturation of cars is determined by a number of factors, among which it should be noted such as the level of well-being of the population, climatic features of the region or country, the development of public transport, the features of planning solutions for the city's street network, the availability of garages and parking lots. The high growth rates of the park of cars owned by citizens, the complication of their design, the intensification of traffic on the roads, and other factors led to the creation of a new branch of the auto maintenance industry. /nine/

1. Car maintenance system

The car is a source of increased danger, and according to the current legislation, the owner is fully responsible for the technical condition and operation of his vehicle. The maintenance of vehicles in a technically sound condition is ensured through timely maintenance and repairs, for the quality of which the enterprises of the "Auto Maintenance" system are responsible, ensuring the performance of the corresponding work. Works on MOT (maintenance) and TR (current repair) of passenger cars, i.e. car maintenance, perform service stations (car service stations) in the CAC (special auto center) and workshops. STOA are the basis of the production and technical base of the system "Auto maintenance". From production to decommissioning, a car is periodically subjected to three sets of technical influences: during pre-sale preparation, during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. The listed technical actions can be carried out not only at the service station, but also at the corresponding sites of large car dealerships (work on pre-sale preparation). /nine/

Pre-sale preparation of cars. The quality of the car at the time of sale must meet the requirements of the technical specifications

manufacturer. Pre-sale preparation is a prerequisite for ensuring the manufacturer's guarantees. In order to preserve the paintwork, the car arriving from the factory to the store is protected with an anti-corrosion compound, which is removed before sale. During transportation of the vehicle, the surface of the body and the interior of the passenger compartment become dirty, and therefore require washing and cleaning. Before the sale, the car is carefully inspected, the necessary adjustments and control works are performed. All identified failures and malfunctions are eliminated. /nine/

Car warranty service. Factory guarantees

manufacturers determine their responsibility for the quality of their products and include obligations to eliminate defects free of charge that are not caused by any violations of the rules for the sale and operation of cars, and to replace prematurely worn out or failed units, assemblies and parts due to the presence of hidden defects in them. The warranty period is set by the manufacturer in terms of mileage and time from the start of operation. During the warranty period, maintenance is carried out in a planned preventive manner at special auto centers, warranty service stations and general service stations (on a contractual basis) and includes washing and cleaning, control and diagnostic, fixing adjusting and filling and lubrication works. At the enterprises of maintenance for car owners, free consultations are held in order to clarify the rules of operation, maintenance and storage of cars. /nine/

Car service during the post-warranty period. THAT includes the following complex of operations: cleaning, washing, filling, lubricating,control and diagnostic, fastening, adjusting, electric carburetor, tire repair. Post-warranty maintenance is subdivided into daily maintenance (EO), the first(TO-1) and the second (TO-2) car maintenance, seasonal service (SO).

With EO, control and inspection work is performed on units, systems, mechanisms that ensure traffic safety (condition of tires, operation of braking systems, steering, lighting, alarm, etc.), as well as work to ensure the proper appearance of the car (washing, cleaning, polishing) and refueling the car with fuel, oil, coolant.

Before performing TO-2 or in the process of it, it is advisable to carry out in-depth diagnostics of all the main units, assemblies and systems of the vehicle to establish their technical condition, determine the nature of malfunctions, their causes, as well as the possibility of further operation of the unit, assembly, system.

With TO-2, in addition to the scope of work on TO-1, a number of additional operations are performed: fastening, tightening, adjusting units and parts.

Modern service stations carry out: sale of cars and pre-sale service of new and used cars, sale of spare parts and related products, maintenance (TO-1, TO-2) and technical repair (TR), overhaul (CR) of units and refurbishment of cars, incl. and elimination of damage to the car body caused by a traffic accident. /nine/

2. Classification of the workshop

The system that underlies the classification of workshops is different in many countries. In the majority, as in Russia, the stations are classified according to the number of work stations, because this gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe size and capacity of the station, the location, purpose and specialization of the workshop.

AT in our country, service stations are subdivided by purpose into: urban - for servicing the fleet of individual cars, and road - for providing technical assistance to all vehicles on the way.

City stations can be universal, specialized by type of work and car brands, car repair shops. According to the production capacity, size and type of work performed, service stations are divided into 3 types: small, medium and large.

Small service stations with up to ten work stations are designed to perform the following works: washing and cleaning, general diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, recharging of batteries, body batteries (in a small volume), body painting, welding, maintenance, as well as the sale of spare parts and automotive supplies.

Medium service stations with up to 34 work stations perform the same work as small ones. In addition, they carry out in-depth diagnostics of cars and their assemblies, repair and restoration of bodies, painting the entire car, wallpapering, repair of assemblies and batteries, as well as the sale of cars.

Large service stations with more than 34 work stations perform all types of maintenance and repair of medium stations in full. They have specialized areas for overhaul of units and assemblies. Production lines can be used to perform diagnostics. Car sales are in progress.

AT depending on the location of medium and large service stations, it is possible to organize technical assistance on call, refuel cars with fuel and lubricants. /8/

The production and technical base of the car maintenance system is mainly made up of enterprises (structural units) of three types: service stations, including workshops and points of maintenance and repair; bases and warehouses of material and technical supply; garages and car parks.

At auto centers and large service stations of regional or zonal significance, and often at smaller service stations, all three types of car service enterprises can be combined not only functionally, but also geographically (Fig. 2.1).

Modern service stations carry out: sale of cars and pre-sale service of new and used cars; sale of spare parts, operating materials and accessories to them; MOT and TR during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation; KR units and refurbishment of cars, including the elimination of damage to the car body caused by a road traffic accident.

These works are performed depending on the availability of the corresponding production sites at the service station, each of which is assigned a certain number of car seats.

A car-place is called a section of the workshop area (in a building, under a canopy, in an open area) for staging a car during servicing, waiting for service or issuing it to the owner. According to its technological purpose, the car-seats in the service station building are divided into work and auxiliary posts, the car-waiting places. In terms of planning, the difference between “posts” and “car-waiting areas” lies in the standard distances between the vehicles installed on them, as well as between vehicles and building structural elements.

A work post is a car-place equipped with the appropriate technological equipment and designed to perform technical actions directly on the car to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance, these are posts of washing, diagnostics, maintenance, repair and painting.

Figure: 2.1. VAZ special car center for 50 work stations for Zhiguli cars: a - general plan: 1 - production building; 2 - administrative building; 3 - gas station; 4 - checkpoint; 5 - parking lot for cars; 6 - area for unloading new vehicles; 7 - parking lot for new cars for 127 cars; 8 - parking lot of repaired cars for 124 cars; 9 - treatment facilities; 10 - parking of vehicles received for repair, for 57 cars; b - the layout of the production building: 1 - a car sales shop with a showroom; 2 - trading floor; 3 - pre-sale preparation area; 4 - lubrication posts; 5 - diagnostic posts; 6 - posts of warranty service; 7 - posts TO and TR; 8 - body repair area; 9 - wallpaper area; 10 - painting area; 11 - technical rooms; 12 - spare parts warehouse; 13 - aggregate-mechanical section; 14 - engine testing area; 15 - copper section; 16 - forging and welding section; 17 - fuel equipment repair area; 18 - battery section; 19 - tire fitting area; 20 - electrical equipment repair area; 21 - washing stations; 22 - car acceptance area; 23 - car delivery area; 24 - control room; 25 - room for clients.

The auxiliary post is designed to perform technologically auxiliary operations directly on the car, but operations necessary to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance - these are the posts of acceptance and delivery of cars, preparing them for painting, drying after painting and washing.

The car-waiting place is intended for staging the car while waiting for it: acceptance and delivery, setting at the working post, repairing the unit (unit, device) removed from it.

In addition to the main production activity, large service stations provide other types of services: cars, tires, spare parts, car accessories and operating materials are sold; consultations on technical and legal issues, merchandising expertise are organized; claims are made, etc.

Depending on the capacity (estimated number of comprehensively serviced vehicles), size (number of work stations or car-places in the workshop building), location, purpose and specialization of the workshop, the types of work they perform and their combinations may be different.

According to the principle of placement, there are city and road service stations; by the nature of the main production activity - warranty (manufacturers), complex, specialized, self-service; by production capacity and size - small, medium, large and large (Fig. 2.2).

City service stations (Fig. 2.3) are intended for servicing a fleet of cars belonging to citizens in cities and other settlements, and road service stations - to provide technical assistance to all vehicles on the way.

City service stations can be universal or specialized, depending on the type of work and car brands. These also include factory warranty service stations.

According to the classification of Giproavtotrans for existing projects, workshops are divided into four types in terms of capacity and size: small - up to 15, medium - up to 30, large - up to 50 and large - over 50 work stations. According to the classification of the USSR Ministry of Automotive Industry (Glavtotekhoborosluzhivaniya), city service stations are divided into small - up to 10, medium - up to 34 and large - from 35 work posts. The projects of modern workshop are based on this standard size. The size and purpose of the workshop determine its type or standard size.

City workshops generally have a relatively regular clientele and provide, if production capabilities permit, comprehensive car service.

Road workshops have a casual clientele, and their main task is to eliminate failures and malfunctions of transit vehicles. This difference is reflected in the calculation methods, structural composition and technological equipment of the workshop and predetermines the nature of their production activities (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

Types of work designed to be performed at various types of workshop

Name of works	City service stations			Road service stations
			large and large
Diagnostics of units and assemblies affecting traffic safety
In-depth diagnosis
Washing and cleaning
Maintenance in scope:
Lubricants
Adjusting
Tire
Electrocarburetor
Battery recharging
Battery repair and charging
TR units
Replacement of units
KR units
Mednitsky
Welding
Zhestyanitsky
Bodywork
Tint
Full body painting
Anti-corrosion coating
Sale of spare parts and materials
Cars sale
Technical assistance on call
Refueling cars

Over the past decade, the structural composition of the fleet of passenger cars owned by citizens has changed significantly, which creates the preconditions for the development of a network of service stations specialized in car brands. However, in the near future, it should be expected that the main type of city station will still be a universal service station according to the brands of cars being serviced and a service station complex according to the types of work performed (especially in small towns and settlements).

Analysis of the production activities of the workshop showed the preference of this direction of development, including for the station, which were originally designed with a limited range of works. This is due to the current level of motorization in most cities and regions of the country and the development of the workshop network. The specialization of the workshop, due to the high level of concentration of work, without a proper feasibility study, only complicates the maintenance of car owners and negatively affects the economy of the workshop, although the idea of \u200b\u200bspecialization and cooperation of the stations is progressive in itself.

At present, the orientation of the workshop to perform certain types of work is determined mainly by its production capabilities, that is, by the presence of appropriate areas, sites, equipment, etc.

With the increase in the fleet of passenger cars and the further development of the network of service stations, specialized stations of complex service will become widespread, i.e., service stations that perform maintenance and repair of a certain brand of cars, as well as service stations specialized in types of work, for example, for diagnostics (Fig. 2.4), washing, repairing electrical equipment and power supplies, brakes, aggregates, painting bodies, etc. These and other works can be performed in various combinations with each other with partial specialization. This prospect is confirmed by the existing practice in big cities, such as Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, where the level of saturation with cars is much higher than the national average, and by the calculations of Giproavtotrans, NIIAT and other organizations, as well as foreign experience.

The grounds for the specialization of the workshop by car brands or types of work are the presence in the serviced region of a sufficient number of objects of labor impacts, ensuring the full load of the station and the effective use of high-performance equipment, the possibility of using progressive technology and rational organization of production.

A certain number of car owners prefer to carry out maintenance and repair work on their own. However, the existing conditions do not always allow this, since self-service posts are available only at some domestic service stations. Meanwhile, not only posts, but also self-service stations have spread abroad. In the future, further development of self-service is possible in our country, including through the organization of specialized stations.

The main difficulties in solving this issue are the organization of appropriate quality control and compliance with safety measures. Due to the constant improvement of the design of the car, its maintenance requires a qualified approach, the use of sophisticated modern equipment with high accuracy, as well as the appropriate technology. Loss of quality during maintenance and repair in most cases leads to road accidents and environmental pollution.

Road service stations (Fig. 2.5) are designed to provide technical assistance as needed to all vehicles en route. Usually they are small and consist of several work posts, are universal according to the types and brands of vehicles served, but are limited in the list of services they provide.

Figure: 2.5. Road service station for 3 work stations:

/ - room for clients; 2 - utility rooms; 3 - spare parts warehouse; 4 - posts of maintenance and repair of passenger cars; 5 - post of maintenance and repair of buses and trucks on a ditch; 6-station for washing buses and trucks; 7 - posts for car wash

Table 2.2

Key indicators for standard workshop projects

Indicators
	from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with a number of work stations			made of light metal structures with a number of work stations		road with 1 working posts
Number of cars serviced per year
Number of car races per year, thousand units
Number of cars sold per year
Total number personnel, people
Including: workers employed on Car maintenance and repair
production workers
auxiliary workers
junior service personnel
administrative and management personnel
workers in the store and on presale
Service station area, ha
The same in conjunction with mechanized commercial car wash, paid parking, gas station
Building area, m 2
Useful building area, m2
Including: industrial premises
administrative premises
premises for delivery of finished vehicles
Total number of car seats
Including: in production premises and in the premises of the delivery of vehicles
Of which: work posts
auxiliary posts
waiting car
Total in store
Of them: in the trading floor
demo car seats
under the awning of finished vehicles
in an open parking lot: waiting for service
For sale
Total cost construction of a building, thous.
Including: construction and installation works
equipment
other works

1 Data on the availability of posts for the winter season are given in brackets.

Depending on the purpose and power of the service station, they mainly perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions mainly by replacing units and parts, the need for which arose on the way, when refueling cars with fuel, oil and other operating materials , as well as when providing technical assistance on the road by specialists of mobile workshops and when towing vehicles that have lost the ability to move on their own.

At road service stations, it is advisable to sell in a wide range of spare parts that are in the greatest demand, car accessories and operating materials in small packaging and have self-service posts, rest rooms and buffets available. Such service stations can be part of motels, as well as be built in conjunction with gas stations (NPP). In addition, at gas stations, if they are located at a considerable distance from road or other types of stations, they organize small technical assistance points for 1-2 posts and self-service posts (Figure 2.6).

Table 2.2 shows the main technical and economic indicators of the existing standard projects of the workshop.

APPOINTMENT OF PRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZED STATION SITES

Car delivery and acceptance area designed to perform the following works:

upon acceptance - external inspection of the car; checking its completeness, units and assemblies, the malfunction of which is indicated by the owner of the car, as well as those affecting traffic safety, the technical condition of the car in order to identify defects not declared by the owner; determination of the approximate volume, cost, term of work and a way to eliminate defects; coordination of all issues with the owner of the car, paperwork;

upon delivery - control of the work performed, specified in the order-order, external inspection, check of completeness and delivery of the car to the owner.

When accepting and issuing vehicles, it is possible and advisable to use diagnostic equipment. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.

Cleaning and washing area It is intended for cleaning the interior of the car body, washing the engine, car top and bottom, drying and polishing the body. At modern workshop, 48

as a rule, areas for these works are provided with the necessary equipment and water treatment facilities. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.

Diagnostic area designed to determine the technical condition of a car, its units and mechanisms without development. Diagnostics is a technological element of maintenance and repair, as well as the main method of performing control works. Diagnostics allows to ensure high operational reliability of vehicles, increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of maintenance, spare parts and materials.

The number of posts at the diagnostics site, their equipment, the layout diagram, as well as their specialization and cooperation with each other, between the acceptance and delivery posts and the posts of adjustment work are determined by the volume and nature of production, the method of organization, as well as the tasks that must be solved by diagnostics at the workshop ...

Maintenance siteis designed to carry out a preventive complex of works aimed at preventing failures and malfunctions, maintaining vehicles in a technically sound condition and ensuring their reliable, safe and economical operation. Regardless of the type of maintenance, fastening, diagnostic, adjusting, lubricating and tire works are carried out at work stations equipped with appropriate technological equipment, and complex or specialized works are performed depending on the volume of the workshop's production program and the method of organization. With a related technology, maintenance and repair works are performed at the same posts by specialists from different production areas.

Section of lubrication and filling works designed for changing the oil and adding it to the engine and transmission units, replacing filters and lubricating the joints of the propeller shaft, chassis, control mechanisms, wheel hub bearings, body points in the amount of TO-1, TO-2 or specified in the coupons of service books. Certain types of lubrication and filling works can be performed at the request of the owners. For example, oil change in individual units and lubrication of certain vehicle units can be performed not only at specialized, but also at other posts, depending on the volume of the production program.

Section TR is designed to perform a set of works on units and assemblies of a car, the malfunction of which cannot be eliminated by adjustment work in order to restore their parameters and operability.

Depending on the nature and place of work, TRs are performed either at work stations or at specialized sections (production departments) of the workshop. The post work includes: disassembly and assembly operations performed directly on the car, adjustment and fastening work, troubleshooting of brake and other systems, as well as minor damage to the body, units and assemblies without dismantling and disassembling them. Work stations of the TR section of vehicles are equipped with the necessary equipment, lifting devices, fixtures and tools. A number of works, for example, replacing carburetors and spark plugs, by their nature, do not require the use of lifts and can be performed at floor stations or at the corresponding car-stations of the workshop equipped with mobile jacks, devices and tools.

/ Works that are not, by their nature, to be performed at the work stations of the TR are carried out at specialized areas:

aggregate-mechanical - disassembly and assembly, washing, repair and restoration and control work on the engine, gearbox, steering, front and rear axles and other units, components and parts removed from the car, as well as locksmith and mechanical work using turning - screw-cutting, drilling and other machines;

battery - recharge, charge and repair of batteries, as well as (if necessary) preparation of distilled water and electrolyte. Batteries are usually repaired centrally at specialized or large service stations in the repair department of the site, where filling mastic and faulty parts are replaced, lead battery cells are cast, output terminals are fused, etc.;

electrotechnical - checking and repairing units and electrical equipment, the malfunction of which could not be eliminated at the TP posts after cleaning from dust and dirt, inspection and testing at special installations. The units and devices to be repaired are disassembled into units and parts, washed and dried, defective and, depending on the technical condition, replaced or repaired, and also checked at an appropriate control stand or installation;

carburetor (fuel equipment) - disassembly of carburetors with the elimination of detected defects, selection of jets, checking the fuel level in the float chamber, as well as repairing and checking the performance of fuel pumps and other devices in the power supply system. Devices requiring repair are washed in a special bath before disassembly, and after repair, they are tested at stands or installations;

tire repair (tire fitting) - dismantling and mounting of tires, repair of tubes, replacement of disks, tubes and tires, wheel balancing depending on the standard sizes of the workshop. Tires are cleaned, dismantled at stands and defective, wheel rims are cleaned from traces of corrosion and painted, chambers are repaired with patches and vulcanized. After assembling the wheels, their static and dynamic balancing is carried out on a special stand;

wallpaper - repair of seats and backs, replacement and repair of ceiling upholstery, as well as the manufacture of insulation covers and body upholstery, depending on the standard size of the workshop. For work, they use special sewing machines, workbenches for disassembling pillows and seats, tables and patterns for cutting upholstery materials, chests and racks. Removal and replacement of the body upholstery, as well as the seats, is carried out at the work stations of the body section of the workshop;

bodywork - replacement of individual body parts, as well as tin, welding, copper and forging and spring works, production of body parts necessary for replacement, straightening and repair of emergency vehicles at special stands, depending on the standard size of the workshop. Tinsmithing includes repairing fenders, mudguards, hoods, radiator liners, doors and other body parts. Reinforcement works include the repair of locks, hinges, power windows, installation of handles, brackets, glass insertion and edging. Copper works are related to the repair of radiators, fuel tanks, fuel and oil pipelines;

painting - painting of the body and its parts. In the department of preparatory work, the old paint is removed, putty and polished. Here, small areas of the body and its parts are usually tinted. At the painting site, primer is applied and dried, the body is partially or completely painted, and anti-noise mastic and anti-corrosion coating are applied. All work related to the spraying of paints and varnishes and their drying is performed in special hermetic chambers equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, which excludes the possibility of the formation of explosive concentrations in the chambers and the penetration of solvent vapors and paint fog from the chambers into the room. The preparation of mixtures, the preparation of varnishes and paints, the dilution of solvents, the washing of pistols and paint-injection tanks and other processes related to these operations are carried out in special ventilated rooms of the paint preparation department.

In addition to the main production areas, the workshop has a warehouse for spare parts, premises for customers, administrative and amenity premises located, as a rule, on the second floor, etc. In the TO and TR area, as well as in the body, painting and other areas, except workers, auxiliary posts and a waiting car are provided, where, if necessary, certain types of work can also be performed.

This list of structural divisions is not typical for all types of workshop. In small stations, some types of work are combined in one area.

Car service stations are the main enterprise in a car service, which, depending on the capacity and size, perform most of the technical service functions.

The classification of service stations depending on location, purpose and specialization is shown in Fig. 4.1. By the principle of location, service stations are subdivided into urban and road.

City service stations are intended to serve mainly the car park of owners living in cities and urban-type settlements, road stations - to provide technical assistance to all cars in transit. This division determines the difference in the technological equipment of the stations. Thus, the bodywork and painting areas available at city stations may not be available at road stations.

City service stations can be branded, manufacturer-owned, and independent.

Branded service stations are financially and administratively subordinate to car manufacturers, for example, companies such as AvtoVAZ, Volkswagen, etc.

The basis of the corporate network of car service enterprises is made up of dealerships (dealers), which are trade and service enterprises that sell new and used cars, warranty repairs and post-warranty service and car repairs. The dealer is bound by a contract with the manufacturer, according to which he buys cars and spare parts from the manufacturer at a wholesale price, and sells them at a certain margin. In turn, dealerships are associated with their branches and service stations.

A distinctive feature of branded enterprises is that they carry out maintenance and repairs according to their own, developed for a given company, technical procedures and regulations (technology and organization of work, equipment, regulatory framework, architectural and construction design of enterprises, etc.).

Independent workshops that are not financially related to car companies are the main part of the car service network (over 60%).

Independent service stations can be specialized by brands of serviced cars, types of work and universal, serving several brands of cars.

City service stations, depending on the number of work posts and the type of work performed, can be divided into three main types: small, medium and large.

Cute stations (up to five work stations) perform mainly the following work: washing and cleaning, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, puncture repairs, battery recharging; repair by replacing parts, faulty assemblies, mechanisms and devices; sale of spare parts, car accessories and operating materials.

Middle stations (6-15 work stations) carry out the same work as small stations. In addition, they carry out in-depth diagnostics of the technical condition of cars and its units, bodywork and painting works, replacement of units, and it is also possible to sell cars.

Large stations (more than 15 work stations) carry out all types of maintenance and repair, as well as medium stations, in full. They may have areas for overhaul of units and assemblies, as well as sale and pre-sale preparation of cars.

However, such a distribution of work at a service station is rather arbitrary, since the list of services performed depends not only on the size of the station, but also on other factors (demand for various services, financial capabilities of the owners, etc.).

We can expect the development in our country of the principle of self-service, which consists in the fact that the owner of the car for a certain fee will be provided at the station with a workplace and the necessary tools for performing maintenance and repair work on their own, as well as qualified consultations from specialists. Self-service posts can be organized at city and road service stations, and in the future - at self-service stations specially organized for these purposes.

Road service stations are universal stations for the maintenance and repair of all types of rolling stock (cars, trucks, buses). They usually have 2 -5 work stations and are designed to perform washing, lubrication, fastening and adjustment work, to eliminate minor failures and malfunctions that occur along the way. Road stations, as a rule, are built in conjunction with a gas station.

Indicators of power and dimensions of the workshop. A service station, like an industrial plant, is characterized by two main indicators: production capacity and size.

Production capacity is usually determined by the number of products produced in physical terms or in value terms for a certain period of time. For service stations, such an indicator is the number of serviced cars.

With a known annual volume of work on maintenance and service station TP (T T o-tr)\u003e man-h, and the average labor intensity of one car ride man-h, the number of comprehensively serviced cars at the service station per year

The size of the STOA is determined by the size of living and materialized labor, i.e. the number of employees and production assets.

For service stations, the size of production assets is mainly characterized by the number of work stations for maintenance and TP of vehicles.

The number of work posts is determined by the formula:

(4.2)

where K p - the share of post work from the total annual volume of work on maintenance and TP; F p - annual fund of time of fasting, h;

R cf - the average number of workers at the post.

The annual fund of fasting time is determined by the formula

where Др ab - the number of days of the workshop in the year;

T cm is the duration of the shift, h;

C is the number of shifts;

The utilization rate of the working time of the post.

In world practice, there are various methods for determining the main indicators of service stations, which is due to the specifics of the operation and maintenance of cars in a particular country, work experience and established traditions in the calculation methods of various firms and other factors.

In principle, all methods are reduced to the calculation of the amount of work and based on the number of posts, vehicle spaces or workers required to carry out maintenance and repairs, as well as other types of car service work.

The basis for determining the scope of work is based on various initial data: the number of cars in the area of \u200b\u200bthe service station; the number of cars served by the station; number of car parks and number of vehicles sold. Thus, the initial indicators that determine the amount of work and the number of posts are very diverse, and each of them is legitimate for the established practice of a particular firm.

STOA structure.

The structure of service stations, depending on their capacity, includes production, cleaning and washing, acceptance and delivery of cars, diagnostics, maintenance and TP, bodywork, painting, anti-corrosion treatment and pre-sale preparation of cars. In small stations, some of the same type of work can be combined and carried out in one area.

Performing work on the repair of devices, components and assemblies removed from the car, and other types of work, can be carried out both at work stations equipped with specialized equipment, and at production sites without posts. The choice of one or another option is determined by demand, stability and volume of this type of work, the degree of employment of workers and equipment, the organization of work and other factors.

In addition to the previously indicated sections, the production part of the workshop building usually contains warehouses, a compressor room, various technical rooms (heating unit, transformer, ventilation chamber, switchboard, instrument-distributing storeroom, etc.).

In the MOT and TP area, as well as in the body and painting areas, in addition to work stations, waiting cars can be provided, where, if necessary, certain simple types of work can also be performed.

In addition to production zones and sites, the workshop will provide administrative and utility rooms (office, cloakroom, toilets, showers), a customer service room (client, bar, cafe, shop for the sale of spare parts and car accessories, etc.), as well as premises for the sale of cars (Salon-exhibition of sold cars and their storage area).

The above list of structural divisions is not typical for all types of workshop. At small stations with less than 10 work stations, some types of services (work) may be absent, for example, areas for bodywork, painting and anti-corrosion treatment of the body.

Examples of planning solutions for car service enterprises. In fig. 4.2 shows the layout of the production building of the service station for 10 work stations (project of the St. Petersburg branch of Giproavtotrans) for maintenance and TP 3800 vehicles per year.

The industrial building of the station is made of light metal structures, has a main span of 30 m with a column spacing of 6 m and two side spans of 9 and 12 m. This structural scheme of the building contributes to the rational placement of production and storage facilities. The positive aspects of the layout include the presence of urgent repair and diagnostics posts near the acceptance and delivery site of cars, which creates convenience for customers in carrying out work to eliminate minor car malfunctions.

The planning solution of the workshop for 15 work stations (Fig. 4.3) provides for the rational placement of production, warehouse and administrative premises.

A special feature of the station is the placement of a cafe for customers on the second floor above the client's room, where the customer can observe the process of maintenance and repair of his car through a glass fence.

The total number of employees is 45 people, including production - 30, auxiliary - 9 and administrative staff - 6.

An example of a dealer station is the trade and technical center of the Japanese firm Toyota with 35 posts (Fig. 4.4).

The features of the dealer service station include the presence of spacious parking lots with a total number of 498 car spaces (new and used cars, customer cars, center workers), large storage facilities for spare parts and a pre-sale preparation area.

In the building of the center, three blocks of premises can be distinguished: a car dealership, a TO and TP area, and warehouses.

A car dealership with an exhibition of cars and a shop selling spare parts occupies approximately 20% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe center.

In the zone of TO and TP, areas of painting and body works, posts of TO and TP, a car acceptance zone, lines of washing, drying and pre-sale preparation of cars are highlighted.

1 - warehouse of spare parts, units and materials; 2 - heat generator; 3 - painting and drying chamber; 4 - area for preparing cars for painting; 5 - pantry of oils and lubricants; 6 - industrial storage; 7- compressor room; 8 - vestibule gateway; 9 - post of acceptance and delivery; 10 - posts TO and TP; 11 - tire fitting area; 12 - posts of welding and tinsmith works; 13 - station for straightening and stretching bodies; 14- client room, exchange point, offices of service station employees; 15 - utility rooms; 16 - switchboard; 17-car wash section; 18- individual heating point

In addition, the service station has specialized posts for the repair and maintenance of auto and electric forklifts, which are necessary for servicing warehouses.

Figure: 4 4. Layout of the dealer station for 35 work stations:

IHousehold premises; 2 - pantry of paints; 3 - paint preparation; 4 - painting area; 5 - TO and TP of loaders; 6 - charger; 7 - compressor room; 8- engineering block; 9 - welding and tin section; 10 - pantry of oils; 11 - tire area; 12- instrumental distribution pantry; 13- utility rooms; 14 - intermediate warehouse; 15 - section for maintenance and TP of cars; 16 - tire fitting area; 17 - car wash line; 18 - line of pre-sale preparation of cars; 19 - administrative premises; 20 - car exhibition; 21 - central warehouse

Figure: 4.5. Examples of layouts of specialized repair and maintenance companies of a car service:

a - an enterprise that mainly performs maintenance and control and adjustment work for three posts: 1 - chassis wash, interior cleaning, oil change, lubrication; 2 - anticorrosive coating station; 3 - compressor room; 4 - oil storage; 5- mechanized washing installation; 6- auxiliary, technical and utility rooms; b - an enterprise that mainly performs maintenance and control and adjustment work at four posts: 1 - service area; 2 - auxiliary, technical and utility rooms; 3 - tire warehouse; 4 - spare parts warehouse; 5 - client; c - stations for cleaning and washing operations, applying anti-corrosion coating and changing oil in vehicle units for two posts: 1 - service and repair area; 2 - compressor room; 3 - tire warehouse; 4 - auxiliary, technical and utility rooms; 5 - client

Specialized repair and maintenance companies of car service. Unlike the workshop, these enterprises perform limited types of services (works). These include small-sized (3 - 5 posts) workshops (tire fitting, lighting fixtures repair, express oil change, installation of alarms and radio equipment, anti-corrosion coating of car bodies, environmental control posts), free-standing washing points. The capacity and size of these enterprises are determined in each case by the number of employees, the program and the volume of work.

As an example, Fig. 4.5 shows the layouts of specialized enterprises that mainly perform maintenance and control and adjustment work at three (Fig. 4.5, a) and four (Fig. 4.5, b) posts, as well as the layout of the station for cleaning and washing operations, applying an anti-corrosion coating and changing the oil in the vehicle units by two posts (Fig. 4.5, c).

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The main link (in terms of the tasks to be solved and the number of enterprises) of the car service system is the subsystem for maintaining vehicles in working order. This subsystem performs services for maintenance, repair and other types of technical interventions in order to ensure the safe operation of public cars and is represented by a wide network of car service enterprises of different power, scale and purpose.

The car service station provides equipped posts, self-service posts, as well as services for the sale of spare parts and materials. In addition, these stations can provide technical advice on vehicle maintenance and repair.

The need to create a widely branched, well-equipped and organized network of car service enterprises, one of the main links of which is the service station, is justified, in addition to technical, by the following considerations:

economic - according to American economists, funds invested in the production of spare parts and maintenance of sold cars provide twice as much profit as when investing in the production of these cars;

social - the relative danger of a car as a vehicle is very high and, according to world statistics, the number of road traffic accidents (RTA) due to vehicle malfunction is 10-15% of the total number of accidents.

Figure 1.3 - Classification of car service stations.

Organizational forms of maintenance and repair of passenger cars are quite diverse. Modern service stations are multifunctional enterprises that can be classified according to purpose (degree of specialization), location, production capacity (number of production posts and sites) and competitiveness.

Depending on the location, service stations are subdivided into urban, mainly serving the park of passenger cars of a particular settlement or territory, and road, providing technical assistance to vehicles on the way. This division determines the difference in the number of production posts and the technological equipment of the service station. Road service stations are universal, have from one to five work stations and are designed to perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions that occur along the way, as well as for refueling vehicles with fuel and oil. Road stations are usually built in conjunction with petrol stations.

According to the degree of specialization of cars, car service enterprises are divided into complex (universal), specialized by type of work and self-service service stations. Complex service stations carry out the whole range of works on maintenance and repair of cars. They can be universal - for servicing and repairing several car brands, or specialized - for servicing one car brand. With the increase in the fleet of passenger cars and the diversification of its structure, specialized service stations for car brands are developing. This is confirmed by foreign practice, as well as the experience of cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg.

Specialized car service enterprises are also classified according to specific brands and models of cars and types of work (maintenance and repair during the warranty period, maintenance and repairs after the warranty period).

Service stations are subdivided according to the level of specialization:

maintenance and repair of foreign-made cars only - the share of foreign cars in the total vehicle fleet is 23%, 28% of car service enterprises do not service foreign cars;

maintenance and repair of cars only of domestic production - 75% of the fleet, but only 21% of car service enterprises (maintenance);

maintenance and repair of cars of both domestic and foreign production - 51%, moreover, at car service enterprises, preventive actions prevail over repair for imported cars and repair over preventive ones for domestic cars.

Car repair and elimination of the consequences of accidents are usually carried out either by specialized workshops or by relatively large service stations equipped with special equipment.

By type of work, service stations are divided into diagnostic, repair and adjustment of brakes, repair of power supplies and electrical equipment, repair of automatic transmissions, body repair, tire fitting, washing, etc. For example, in the United States, highly specialized stations and workshops account for up to 25% of their total number.

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The main link (in terms of the tasks to be solved and the number of enterprises) of the car service system is the subsystem for maintaining vehicles in working order. This subsystem performs services for maintenance, repair and other types of technical interventions in order to ensure the safe operation of public cars and is represented by a wide network of car service enterprises of different power, scale and purpose.

The car service station provides equipped posts, self-service posts, as well as services for the sale of spare parts and materials. In addition, these stations can provide technical advice on vehicle maintenance and repair.

The need to create a widely branched, well-equipped and organized network of car service enterprises, one of the main links of which is the service station, is justified, in addition to technical, by the following considerations:

• - economic - according to American economists, the funds invested in the production of spare parts and maintenance of sold cars provide twice the profit than when investing in the production of these cars;
• - social - the relative danger of a car as a vehicle is very high and, according to world statistics, the number of road traffic accidents (RTA) due to vehicle malfunction is 10-15% of the total number of accidents.

car service station car

Figure 1.3 - Classification of car service stations.

Organizational forms of maintenance and repair of passenger cars are quite diverse. Modern service stations are multifunctional enterprises that can be classified according to purpose (degree of specialization), location, production capacity (number of production posts and sites) and competitiveness.

Depending on the location, service stations are subdivided into urban, mainly serving the park of passenger cars of a particular settlement or territory, and road, providing technical assistance to vehicles on the way. This division determines the difference in the number of production posts and the technological equipment of the service station. Road service stations are universal, have from one to five work stations and are designed to perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions that occur along the way, as well as for refueling vehicles with fuel and oil. Road stations are usually built in conjunction with petrol stations.

According to the degree of specialization of cars, car service enterprises are divided into complex (universal), specialized by type of work and self-service service stations. Complex service stations carry out the whole range of works on maintenance and repair of cars. They can be universal - for servicing and repairing several car brands, or specialized - for servicing one car brand. With the increase in the fleet of passenger cars and the diversification of its structure, specialized service stations for car brands are developing. This is confirmed by foreign practice, as well as the experience of cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg.

Specialized car service enterprises are also classified according to specific brands and models of cars and types of work (maintenance and repair during the warranty period, maintenance and repairs after the warranty period).

Service stations are subdivided according to the level of specialization:

• - maintenance and repair of foreign cars only - the share of foreign cars in the total vehicle fleet is 23%, 28% of car service enterprises do not service foreign cars;
• - maintenance and repair of cars of only domestic production - 75% of the fleet, but only 21% of car service enterprises (maintenance);
• - maintenance and repair of cars of both domestic and foreign production - 51%, moreover, at car service enterprises, preventive actions prevail over repair for imported cars and repair over preventive ones for domestic cars.

Car repair and elimination of the consequences of accidents are usually carried out either by specialized workshops or by relatively large service stations equipped with special equipment.

By type of work, service stations are divided into diagnostic, repair and adjustment of brakes, repair of power supplies and electrical equipment, repair of automatic transmissions, body repair, tire fitting, washing, etc. For example, in the United States, highly specialized stations and workshops account for up to 25% of their total number.

In terms of production capacity (based on the number of production posts and sites), city service stations can be divided into small, medium, large and large.

Small service stations with up to 10 work stations perform the following types of work: washing and cleaning, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, tire, electric carburetor, bodywork, body painting, welding, unit repair. The main share of this group is made up of specialized service stations. As a rule, they are engaged in performing only preventive types of work and are located within a radius not exceeding 10-15 km from the consumer.

Medium service stations with 11 to 30 work stations perform the same types of work as small stations. In addition, full diagnostics of the technical condition of the car and its units, painting the entire car, replacement of arregates, and also the sale of cars can be carried out here.

Large service stations with more than 30 posts perform all types of maintenance and repair in full. These service stations may have specialized areas for overhaul of units and assemblies. Production lines can be used for diagnostics and maintenance work. As a rule, cars are sold at these service stations.

At present, about half of car service enterprises have a capacity of 1 to 3 work stations; more than 40% - from 4 to 10 posts; 7% - up to 30 posts. Large stations make up less than 2%.

According to its competitive characteristics, the car service market can be subdivided as follows.

The first group - branded (dealer) service stations that sell and service cars of specific firms and work directly with firms, concerns, manufacturing enterprises - authorized centers. These specialized workshops have modern technological equipment, original spare parts, a wide range of services for a specific car brand, trained personnel with a high level of customer service culture, high reputation and high prices.

Branded service stations perform functions related to the maintenance and repair of vehicles during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. In addition, they can be considered as divisions of car factories, providing them with reliable information about the quality of the cars produced. At the same time, branded service stations can act as centers for production and technical training of personnel.

The second group is made up of the former state service stations, which have extensive experience in car service, specially designed premises, favorable location, good traditions, but outdated views on the attitude towards the consumer and inertia that makes it difficult for them to fully and effectively adapt to market conditions. At these service stations there is good, but often outdated equipment, established contacts with consumers who are used to using their services, as a rule, low prices, they are trusted, since they have been accustomed to adhering to laws from the old times, have a good image, but not the best quality of spare parts. In terms of market coverage from the point of view of the range of services, they can be called universal.

The third group includes private, newly created STOs, which appeared after the transition to a market economy. In general, they have the same characteristics as the second group.

The fourth group includes car services on the production and technical base of motor transport and other enterprises. There is a relatively low level of maintenance and repair technology, a low culture of service, low qualification of personnel, low aesthetics of production, overestimated duration of work and narrow specialization in car models.

The fifth group of car service enterprises includes garage car services. According to their characteristics, they are inferior to the enterprises of the previous group.

Let's consider the structure of the service station network using the example of Moscow. Here, large car service enterprises account for only about 17%; these are rather powerful specialized enterprises (31% of the city's total capacity). The rest of the car service facilities are leased by sites and production facilities: transport enterprises (about 40% of the total number of facilities and 39% of the city's total capacity), industrial enterprises (19% and 14%, respectively).

Today there is a large gap between demand (the needs of car owners for the repair and maintenance of cars) and the ability to fully satisfy it. There are two main reasons for this.

The first reason is the low solvency of a number of car owners, which forces them to turn to underground car services. "Underground workers" are especially active in the warm season, since most of them work in unheated garages and curtail their activities in winter. Illegal car services and car washes are literally everywhere. They do not have licenses, do not pay taxes, so their services are much cheaper than in legal service stations. Some car owners generally only turn to them, since a thorough repair of a car at a legally existing service station is comparable in price with the cost of the car itself. An underground car service occupies a significant part of the car service market, thereby hindering the development of legal service stations. It is worth noting that recently the level of consciousness of car owners has been increasing, they are increasingly turning to legal service stations that guarantee high quality work.

The second reason is the lack of production capacity of existing service stations, especially in settlements of regional and district significance, where the car service is practically in its infancy. But even in Moscow the service station is sorely lacking. The rapid growth of the car park gave rise to serious problems - overcrowding of the capital's highways and maintenance of the proper technical condition of cars. At present, there are 2.6 thousand car service enterprises operating, while there should be about 10 thousand of them. The Moscow government has adopted a program aimed at developing and improving car service services in the city. Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov proposed a simplified registration procedure for newly opened centers as a measure of support and development of service stations. The mayor instructed specialists to prepare in the near future the relevant documents, including a standard design of buildings for new technical centers. “I think this is of particular importance for small and medium-sized businesses. This task is not for monopolists, ”he said. At the same time, Luzhkov demands, it is necessary to implement training programs in Moscow, primarily managers of technical centers. With the implementation of this program, the number of service stations in Moscow should increase several times, as a result of which service enterprises that do not meet the requirements for safety, environmental friendliness and the quality of services provided will be ousted from the car market.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• - the growth in the volume of services is lagging behind the rate of motorization of the country;
• - the need for car service services is not sufficiently provided, car service enterprises are unevenly distributed across cities, therefore, the problem of providing car service services in the number and territorial availability of car services is very urgent;
• - the successful operation of the service station is possible when all innovations in the field of auto maintenance are taken into account, the accumulation and analysis of statistical material, the creation of standard station designs, united by a single idea and the possibility of transformation, the presence of highly qualified specialists in this area;
• - the creation of joint ventures with the participation of foreign partners in the field of car service will contribute to the acquisition of experience, the earliest possible elimination of negative aspects in the activities of the car service company, the accumulation of funds for the development of this service sector.