Trucks travel all over the country, adding costly wear and tear and creating accidents. To reduce the risks, the law establishes the limits of the transported goods. From the 2019 truck axle load table, you can determine whether the inspector will have a reason to impose a fine.

An overloaded truck is unsafe for the driver and others, which can lead to an accident or a forced stop.

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To avoid problems on the roads, you need to know the norms and penalties for overloading on axles, as this problem often occurs among drivers.

What it is

Axle load is the pressure of the load on the weight of the machine, which is transmitted to the road surface by the axles when moving. Vehicle weight and axle load are related, since the first is the sum of the loads on both axles.

Pressure on rear axle almost always more, but depends on the type of loading platform at the rear of the vehicle. In front, the main load is power unit and the driver's cab.

To know what the limit is for transportation, you need to understand the types of vehicles:

• shades and semi-trailers are the most popular on Russian roads. They are used for the transportation of any cargo. Loading takes place from either side, carrying capacity is about 25 tons;
• refrigerators or semi-trailers are used to transport perishable raw materials. They are equipped with refrigeration units that can maintain temperatures from +25 to -25. Carrying capacity is about 20 tons;
• an automatic coupler is a vehicle with a trailer that is very convenient to load and unload. They carry any small cargo, with a capacity of 15 to 25 tons;
• jumbo trailers are considered to be larger than others. The trailer is similar to the letter "L", has a small diameter of the wheels, so it allows you to put more goods. Carrying capacity is about 20 tons;
• container ships are vehicles intended for the transport of containers;
• tanker trucks are vehicles that can be used to transport bulk and liquid cargo;
• auto transporters are used to move other cars;
• grain carriers are used to transport grain crops;
• dump trucks are used to transport bulk cargo.

In front of some bridges or on some roads, you can see signs 3.12 prohibiting the movement of vehicles whose mass on one of the axles exceeds that indicated on the sign.

If the mass is higher, the driver must find another route. If the citizen continues to move, he will automatically be issued a fine.

Permissible load

Axis loads depend on the type of exploding and the distance between the axes. Data up-to-date for 2019 is available in the table:

Axis Explode View	Distance in meters between adjacent axles	Established load norms in tons
		6 tons per axle	10 tons per axle	11.5 tons per axle
Solitary	not less than 2.5 meters	5.5	9	10.5
Trailers, trucks, semi-trailers, twin cars	no more than a meter	8	10	11.5
	from 1 to 1.3	9	13	14
	1.3 to 1.8	10	15	17

How to calculate

To avoid a penalty for ignorance for exceeding the axle load, you can independently or on a calculator calculate the permissible value for a particular machine.

On my own

Truck weight \u003d front axle load + 2nd axle load + subsequent axle loads

Suppose a citizen has a GAZ 3302 with two axles, for him the formula will look like this:

1200 front axle load + 2300 rear axle load \u003d 3200 maximum permissible value

• information is taken from the passport data of the trailer and car;
• it is necessary to find out from the supplier of the goods the actual weight, it is also indicated in the invoice;
• the load is distributed in accordance with 25% to 75% between the tractor and the trailer, therefore the load on the trailer is calculated as follows: 0.75 * (weight of the load + weight of the trailer);
• the load should be distributed evenly on each axle, if the driver knows the number of axles and the mass of the trailer with a load, he will be able to determine the size of the load on each axle;
• to determine the axle load, you will need to enter the data into the following formula: trailer weight with load * 0.25 * vehicle weight;
• the front axle load is always 25% of the total vehicle load, the remaining 75% is on the rear axle.

Online calculator

Any driver can independently check the axle load of road trains, trucks and tractor units using a convenient online calculator

The calculation is required to be made not only for private individuals, but also for legal entities that transport goods of any kind or are going to order transportation services from specialists.

Suppose a citizen owns a 4-sided semi-trailer. To calculate the axle load, you need to set the weight of the cargo on each side, as if 4 containers with goods were put into the car.

How is it checked

Control weighing takes place at special points located on the track. Experts determine the axle load and congestion of the truck. There are 2 ways to check:

• static;
• dynamic.

Both methods are popular in Russia. Static weighing involves placing a car on a special scale. This way you can find out the weight of the machine on this moment... Dynamic weighing takes place when the vehicle is moving slowly. It determines the loads on each axle separately.

Most often, the vehicle travels on the scales at a speed of up to 5 km / h. The disadvantage of dynamic testing is the error, which is up to 3% for each axis.

In Russia, electronic scales are almost always used, on which the driver starts the car using a ramp. Not all points have several types of scales, so there is no need to choose.

Load cell

Text inside the info block In 2019, it is possible to install special sensors on the axis that minimize the percentage of error. They are mounted on the side of the machine and allow you to check the load on any of the axles at any time of movement.

The sensors are universal, they can be installed on any vehicles with different pendants... The system is expensive, but it simplifies as much as possible the calculation of the carrying capacity when loading and unloading goods.

The main advantages of load cells are:

• the driver can control the load at any moment of movement. It is impossible to get a fine for overloading, conflicts and deception of customers are excluded;
• a driver or dispatcher from any place in the world can control the weight of the goods in the car, the sensor is connected with GPS and GLONASS systems and transmits information in real time.

What is the possible overload

Article 29 of Federal Law No. 275 establishes that drivers are not allowed to use a vehicle if its axle load exceeds the permissible by 2% (taking into account the error). The only exceptions are cars that belong to the Armed Forces, which is confirmed by documents.

The law also establishes that if the goods weigh more than 20 tons, or are longer than 20 meters and wider than 2.55 meters, and the height reaches 4 meters, the owner is obliged to obtain an additional agreement for the carriage of the cargo.

If the dimensions of the goods exceed 24 meters in length and 3.5 meters in width, the truck must be driven with a coating machine, on which an orange or yellow warning sign is installed.

If the goods exceed 30 meters in length and 4 meters in width, a special permit is required. Such cargo is always accompanied by a traffic police car.

Responsibility for violations

Penalties depend on the type of cargo carried by the driver, for example, dangerous, poisonous, oversized, etc. All types of administrative punishments are spelled out in Article 12.21 of the Administrative Code.

3 penalties are considered standard:

Certain loads and large weights require permits, of which there are also several types, and for the absence of each a separate fine is imposed. There are situations when the cargo does not match according to documents and by weight.

After rechecking on the scales (or by sensors, if installed), the inspector has the right to issue a fine of 5,000 rubles for individuals and from 100,000 rubles for organizations.

The inspector does not have the right to write out a fine if there was no control weighing. A specialist can determine the overload by eye, but it will not work to prove it.

If an overweight is found at the weighing point, a fine is issued to the person who operates the car. This can be the owner, representative, or tenant. If the driver is hired by a company, the fine is paid by the legal entity.

If the overload was detected by cameras and the penalty came automatically, it is always paid by the vehicle owner. He may demand reimbursement from the shipper or lessee if their illegal actions resulted in punishment.

Axle overloading is a serious administrative violation, as it leads to the destruction of the road surface and creates accidents on the roads. The driver feels the car worse, brakes for longer and can skid when cornering.

To track violations, weight control points are installed on the roads, and traffic police inspectors are always ready to fine anyone who overweight on the axles.

Transportation by road today is, perhaps, the most demanded in the cargo transportation segment. Reasons: Comparative availability and prevalence of road infrastructure versus rail or air links. Long-distance road transportation is carried out both within one state, and between neighboring countries that have common land borders. In order for a vehicle to be able to freely follow the motorways of any state, without violating traffic rules, internationally agreed and established permissible dimensions cargo for road transport.

Uniform general transport standards

Unified weight and dimension norms are fixed in mutual agreements of international organizations, duplicated and concretized by the legislation of individual countries. Such complex rationing has as its goals:

• creation of uniform conditions for road transportation;
• ensuring road safety in all its sections;
• guaranteeing the safety of goods and the timeliness of delivery.

Highest automotive standards in Europe

The maximum permissible dimensions and weight of goods for through and closed road transport are regulated by both national legislation and international multilateral agreements - conventions and directives. The requirements for such parameters are set strictly and unambiguously, since, as stated in the EU directive No. 96/53, “differences between the current standards regarding the weight and dimensions of commercial vehicles can have a negative effect on competition and act as an obstacle to transport Union ".

The exact information on the maximum weight and dimensions of vehicles adopted in the European Community countries is given in the annexes to the directive:

Rationing of trucks in the Russian Federation

Concerning Russian Federation, here the Federal Law No. 257 "On Roads and Road Activities", as well as the Government decree of 15.04.2011. No. 272. Clause 2 of this by-law states that the carriage of goods by road in international traffic through the territory of Russia is carried out in accordance with international treaties and Russian laws. Of greatest interest are the 1st and 3rd appendices concerning the permissible mass and maximum dimensions of the cargo.

So, Appendix 1 sets the permissible masses depending on the type auto vehicle, combinations cargo platforms and the number of axles. In the table below, the weight limits are given in tonnes:

Appendix 3 deals with the size limits:

Hence, the heaviest and largest truck that is allowed to roll out on domestic roads, in any case, should not weigh more than 44 tons and have a length of more than 20, and a height of more than 4 meters. Otherwise, there is an oversized cargo.

Features of transportation of oversized cargo

Oversized cargo is a cargo whose weight and dimensional characteristics are beyond the permitted limits. Transportation of goods exceeding the established dimensions is, in principle, permissible, but must be carried out in compliance with a number of special conditions stipulated by paragraph 23 of the RF Traffic Rules. So, if the load protrudes from the rear by more than 1 meter, and from the side by more than 40 cm, it is marked with identification marks "Oversized cargo", as well as lanterns and reflectors of white (front) and red (rear) colors.

Traffic oversized cargoprotruding from the rear more than 2 meters and exceeding 4 meters in height, as well as road trains, is carried out according to special rules established by regulatory acts of the Government and the order of the Ministry of Transport of 2012 No. 258:

1. the route of movement of heavy and (or) large-sized transporter is agreed in advance;
2. special permits for the transportation of oversized cargo on federal highways are issued authorized body, namely the Federal Road Agency;
3. movement along the route is carried out accompanied by patrol cars of the traffic police or military traffic police;
4. if, after passing oversized cargo, the roadbed or other elements of the road infrastructure were damaged, the vehicle owner is obliged to compensate for the damage caused.

Excess weight and dimensions during the carriage of goods while ignoring specially established rules is violation of traffic rules and entails bringing to administrative responsibility.

Responsibility for violation of weight and size requirements

For violation of the traffic rules established by Russian legislation for the dimensions of the transported cargo, legal liability is provided, in particular, administrative. Administrative sanctions are applied to violators. What kind? A fine or deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle for a specified period. For a detailed acquaintance with the size of administrative penalties for transported oversized items, see article 12.21.1 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation. It should be borne in mind that when initiating an administrative case, the oversized transporter automatically enters the arrest site along with the transported goods. And the delay causes additional expenses.

conclusions

From a comparative analysis of the requirements for the dimensions and weight of transported goods, it is clear that, in general, for the European Community and the Russian Federation, these parameters coincide. The mass of a semitrailer or trailed road train with 6 or more axles cannot exceed 40 tons for Europe and 44 tons for Russia. The maximum height for all types of transport, both for us and for them, is 4 m. The maximum width is 2.55 meters, for refrigerators - 2.6. Standards trucks are the same for most countries, which is quite reasonable considering the goals of such regulation.

An overloaded car, both a passenger car and a truck, is a great danger for the driver and other road users. In addition, it creates an increased load on the road surface, which suffers in any case. How to calculate overload, and what are the penalties for driving with violations today? Each driver must understand his responsibility and know what threatens him.

Permissible vehicle weight

In the summer of 2015, amendments to the relevant acts on the carriage of goods by russian roads... Based on this document, new standards for the permissible vehicle weight have been introduced.

For example, the maximum weight of a car that has the right to drive on the road without additional permission is 44 tons. This is the maximum maximum.

Of course, there are no such standards for passenger cars. But does this mean that you can overload your car and drive with impunity? The limit does exist. It consists in the fact that it is prohibited to carry a large number of passengers. This is punishable by a corresponding fine.

In a relationship freight transport the axle load rule applies. it the most important moment when calculating. In order to understand exactly how the load is calculated, you need to understand the simplest concepts.

So, all cars are divided into two classes:

1. "A" - operated on the routes of three categories: the first, second and third, respectively.
2. "B" - ongoing movement on any road.

Valid values \u200b\u200bare listed below.

First of all, for cars:

• with two axles - 18 tons;
• with three axles - 25 tons;
• with four axles - 32 tons;
• with five axles - 35 tons.

As for road trains, other standards have been established for them:

• with three axles - 28 tons;
• with four axles - 36 tons;
• with five axles - 40 tons;
• with six axles and more - 44 tons.

How to calculate?

The load is calculated using a complex formula. You also need to consider the maximum weight for a particular road category. The load of a truck is distributed as follows: it is less on the front axle, on the rear (or rear) it is much higher.

When the car drives into the scales at the post, the control officer uses a special reference book, which contains a huge number of vehicle types and describes the detailed load on their axles. Let's look at a few examples and determine how it folds onto each axis.

The GAZelle cargo truck has two axles: front and rear. The total weight of the car is summed up by the formula:

M TS \u003d N PO + N ZO, where:

It would seem that everything is simple, but for other vehicles it is not always possible to apply this formula. Three-axle vehicles with two combined axles have to be calculated differently. For example, let's take a Kamaz -53215 car. The calculation is already being carried out according to the formula:

M TS \u003d N PO + N t, where:

• М ТС is the mass of the vehicle;

Table

Consider the table of permissible loads. Note that the rates are for each axis.

The calculation should be made as accurately as possible, since the error can be no more than 5%. The closer the axles are to each other, the greater the pressure on the road surface. This explains the dependence on distance.

Legal restrictions of other countries

When sending a loaded car outside Russia or for goods, it is important to study the legislation in order to avoid fines that can significantly affect the budget.

Below is a table with which you can determine the gross vehicle weight in some countries.

Country / Vehicle	biaxial	triaxial	four-axle	2 axle trailer	3 axle trailer	road train in 4 axles	road train in 5 and 6 axles	road train semitrailer 3 axles	road train semitrailer 4 axles
Poland	19	26	30	18	24	37	40	29	38
Germany	17	24	32	18	24	35	40	27	35
France	19	26	26	19	24	38	40	—	38
Belgium	19	28	32	20	30	38	44	29	39
Spain	20	26	26	20	26	38	38	—	38
Belarus	20	25	26	20	26	36	44	—	38
Kazakhstan	18	25	32	18	24	32	44	28	38

Transport companies carefully study the information and laws of other countries and insure those who turn to them.

Statistical and dynamic weighing

At special points located on the track, a check weighing takes place in order to determine whether the car is overloaded and what is the axle load.

Weigh it in two ways:

• in static;
• in dynamics.

Both of these methods are used today, let's find out what is the difference between them. So, static weighing is as follows: the car drives into the scales and stops. This method determines the exact weight of the vehicle at the moment.

Weighing in dynamics occurs when the vehicle is moving slowly. This method is necessary to determine the load on each axle. The car moves on the scales at a speed not exceeding 5 km / h.

The only disadvantage of this method is the error that you definitely need to know about. The maximum it can be 3%.

All scales used today at weighing points are predominantly electronic. The entrance to them is made using a ramp. Not always two types of scales are installed at the same post.

Responsibility for overload

Undoubtedly, all citizens with cars are aware that there is a liability for overloading. This is most often encountered by truck drivers. The majority of car owners do not think about overloading at all.

The maximum permissible weight of a car, if we do not take into account the axle load, is set even before the car leaves the conveyor. Each vehicle document has a line regarding this point.

The manufacturer himself knows how much load the car can withstand. This is influenced by many factors, from the parts used in production to the distance between the axles.

What does the overload lead to?

Responsibility for overloading is a very serious matter. Such actions sometimes lead to serious consequences, among them:

1. Creation of an emergency. An overloaded vehicle is unstable on the road. In addition, the load creates pressure on the axle, which at one moment may not withstand.
2. Destruction of the roadway. It's hard to argue with that, but overloaded cars do crash roads. Pits on them are a huge problem for the country, fines are not always able to cover the damage caused.
3. Car parts and parts quickly deteriorate, the vehicle itself becomes obsolete and breaks down.
4. If the car is overloaded, the braking distance will be longer, which will create an additional risk of an accident.

These are not all factors on the basis of which drivers can be severely fined.

Freight car

For drivers freight vehicles you also need to remember how to properly transport certain types of goods:

• oversized;
• dangerous and others.

Fines for violation are provided for by Article 12.21 of the Administrative Code. They are divided into three types:

• for an individual - 1500-2000 rubles;
• for an official - up to 15,000 rubles;
• for a legal entity - up to 400,000 rubles.

In some cases, a carriage permit may be required when transporting goods. If not, then you will also be fined.

In some situations, when documents are drawn up for the cargo, and the weight does not coincide with what is presented in the papers, the inspector may additionally impose a fine of 5,000 rubles. For companies, it will increase at least 50 times.

The traffic police inspector does not have the right to issue a fine if the check weighing has not taken place. Overload can be determined by eye, but there is no way to prove it.

A car

There is not a word about overloading of passenger vehicles in the Code of Administrative Offenses. Nobody weighs them on the road. In this case, the inspector may find another reason to issue a fine.

Those who load a car to the eyeballs, they know how it affects handling, drifts and wear of parts. Most often for drivers passenger cars write out a fine for the incorrect transportation of passengers. They can be placed exactly as many as approved in the documents.

Penalties are provided for the following:

• warning;
• 500 rubles for violation of the rules of transportation;
• 1000 rubles for an unfastened seat belt.

So, overloading a car is a serious violation for which liability is provided. Study the rules well before setting off on the road. If the transport companies take full responsibility for themselves, then the private driver will have to be responsible for everything independently.

Today there is little theory about masses and axial loads.

Until recent events, everyone had heard the terms "5-ton", "10-ton" and other "ton" and they were used to denote the carrying capacity of a car. "Petrovich, we need two 10 ton trucks for tomorrow!" - said the customer to the head of the transport department, and it was clear to everyone that for the transportation of a certain cargo, two vehicles with a carrying capacity of at least 10 tons were needed. With the advent of "Platon" the term "12-ton" appeared and it does not mean at all the carrying capacity, but the permissible maximum mass, in relation to the current situation, "12-ton" is any truck whose permissible maximum mass exceeds 12 tons.
The permissible maximum mass is established by the manufacturer and is indicated in the TCP - this is the mass of the car + the maximum permissible mass of cargo (passengers). For example, let's say the mass of the vehicle without load is 9 tons, and the permitted maximum mass of 25 tons, this means that the mass of the transported cargo together with the driver, spare wheels, diesel fuel in the tank should not exceed (25-9) 16 tons, in the case of a road train, the parameters are added tractor and semi-trailer / trailer. And once again I draw your attention to this is established by the manufacturers - in simple words "We make such machines, you can carry so much cargo on them."
In the laws and acts regulating the movement of vehicles and the carriage of goods or passengers on the road, the term maximum permissible mass or simply the maximum mass is used and means the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo. In simple words "On this road you can drive a truck with a mass of no more (of some value) and what the manufacturers have identified there is not important to us, no more than the sign says."
The maximum mass is determined by adding the vehicle axle loads. The axle load is the mass transmitted through the axle of the vehicle onto the road surface. For different roads, axle loads may be different, for different types Vehicle axle loads may differ (center distance, number of axles in the bogie, pitch and type of suspension affect). In simple words, "You have a 2-axle tractor weighing 8 tons and a 3-axle trailer weighing 7 tons, on this road the maximum permissible weight cannot exceed 38 tons, which means that with the correct location of the cargo in the trailer, you can transport 38-8-7 \u003d 23 tons. "
If, when the axle loads are added up, the maximum mass exceeds 44 tons, this transportation falls into the category of heavy ones and requires a special permit, coordination of the route with the regulatory authorities and payment of a duty for increased road damage.
If the maximum vehicle weight is over 80 tons, then a special project needs to be developed, which may require, for example, strengthening bridges on the route.
The question of masses and loads, of course, is much deeper and it is difficult to cover all aspects in one post, but to understand the main points, I think it will be useful for you.

Tags: What, masses, is allowed to transport, on, roads, rf

If the bus is more than 10 years old, if there is no tachograph or GLONASS system, then children cannot be transported on it ...

transport on the roads of the Russian Federation ... heavy cargo - a vehicle, the mass of which is with or without cargo and (or) ... Applications for obtaining permits for the transportation of oversized or ...

The Department of Road Safety of the FDS of Russia (Sorokin S.F.) together with ... in the Russian Federation on public highways, ... roads only with special permits, ... Trailer - a vehicle intended for transportation ...

about the killers of our roads - multi-ton dump trucks with an axle load exceeding the norm

These are heavy mining dump trucks HOWO, SHACMAN, MAN, SCANIA and others ... Every day they drive past us, huge trucks loaded with asphalt, gravel and sand. Why are they driving around the country with a terrible overload, and no one seriously reacts? Who needs it, they know, but do you know that many weigh 50 or more tons? And this is on three axes! Together with the load, of course.
This "Chinese" has 21 cubic meters of sand, which is 50 tons of total weight. The load on one axle reaches up to 20 tons (with the permitted 8 tons on federal roads, and 6 tons per axle on local, regional). True, a 10-ton KamAZ truck hardly fits into these norms, but it is all the more clearly clear how much everything is running. After all, earlier (in the USSR) they knew how to calculate the correct loads, and for some reason they did not make huge dump trucks for common roads (although there were technologies and opportunities!) And in Europe the operation of such equipment is prohibited.
I saw the asphalt wave under the tires of huge Chinese (and not only) quarry shovels, I saw how in a few weeks a good section of the road was hopelessly destroyed, along which heavy dump trucks had recently begun to carry loads. I often saw how asphalt was transported on heavy dump trucks for paving. Dump trucks 18 cubic meters, loaded them to the maximum, with a serious "slide", and if we consider that the weight of a cubic meter of asphalt concrete mix can reach 2.5 tons, we get that the load of these machines was in the region of 40-45 tons.
Plus the weight of the machine itself is somewhere between 13-14 tons. We get that the total weight will be in the range of 50-55 tons. The maximum limiting weight of a three-axle vehicle together with cargo must not exceed 24 tons.
The road surface in many places simply collapsed under monstrous overloads, deep potholes, extensive cracked sections practically along the entire length of the route of these, I'm not afraid of this comparison of "saboteurs". There are many areas where driving has become simply unsafe for life, without any exaggeration. And how many punctured wheels and suspensions ... that have flown off the road or into the oncoming lane because of the wavy profile of the asphalt.
[..]
There is serious responsibility for this serious national violation of the law:
12.211 part 3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation
Transportation of heavy goods in excess of the permitted maximum mass or axle load specified in the special permit by more than 5% (percent)
for a driver from 1,500 to 2,000 rubles, for officials from 10,000 to 15,000 rubles, for legal entities from 250,000 to 400,000 rubles.
[..]
I heard on the radio the other day that one overloaded dump truck causes damage to roads in the amount of 600,000 (six hundred thousand) rubles a month, this is actually hundreds of billions of losses to the state per year from thousands of heavy dump trucks ...
from here
We often see Chinese dump trucks with sand with MOSCOW numbers on the streets of Samara. That is, they were specially driven from Moscow to save on gasoline (and kill our roads).
But for some reason no one thinks that it is harmful to our roads ..

Tags: samara, construction

Transportation of heavy cargo by road ...

This is a cargo, the mass of which, taking into account the mass of the vehicle, exceeds ... All transportation on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out under ... permits and monetary compensation for damage caused to roads, ...

Penalty for overloading the vehicle along the axles in 2019

The mass of the load on the rear axle of the car, as a rule, is greater than that for ... which is allowed to be used on roads of I-III categories, and to group "B" ... and the rules for their transportation were approved by the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation ...

Dear buyers and sellers of nonmetallic materials!

On July 24, 2015, Federal Law No. 248-FZ of July 13, 2015 entered into force, which made significant changes to Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, establishing liability for violation of the rules for the transportation of heavy cargo (including non-metallic materials ).

What has changed in the transportation of sand and crushed stone and what are the norms in force in 2018?

Now liability for offenses related to the overloading of the vehicle extends not only to the carrier, but also to the consignor.

Previously, only one participant in the delivery of nonmetallic materials - the carrier - was responsible for the consequences of overloading. The shipper who hired the carrier for delivery might not even know what risks the shipping company faces when transporting non-metallic materials.

After the entry into force of the aforementioned law, the situation has changed dramatically. Now, not only carriers are at risk when transporting sand and gravel. The risks are borne by shippers, as well as quarries (transshipments) that load these materials into vehicles.

The table below presents the most important changes to Art. 12.21.1 Administrative Code of the Russian Federation.

Norms of legislation	Was before July 24, 2015	Valid in 2018
The emergence of liability at the stage of loading the car	Previously, such responsibility was not separately prescribed in the law.	If the legal entity (IE) loading the vehicle has exceeded the permissible total weight or axle load of the vehicle, such a person faces a fine: - for a legal entity - 250-400 thousand rubles; - for individual entrepreneurs - 80-100 thousand rubles.
Shippers' liability	The responsibility of the consignor could come only if the consignor indicated in the documents inaccurate information about the weight of the cargo (underestimated the weight). For example, if a dump truck was stopped at the checkpoint, in which the actual weight of the cargo was 45 tons, and the waybill indicated 20 tons, then, in addition to the carrier, the shipper was also threatened with a fine. If the consignor indicated the weight of 45 tons in the waybill, then only the carrier paid the fine.	The responsibility of the shipper for failure to indicate in the waybill the number, date and term of the permit for the transportation of heavy cargo, as well as the route of transportation of this cargo has been added. Those. now, if the shipper indicates the true weight of the cargo of 45 tons, but does not indicate information about the special permit for the carriage of this cargo (if this information must be indicated) or the route of movement of this cargo, then the shipper faces a fine.
Responsibility of drivers	In the event of an overload in mass or axles by more than 5%, the driver was threatened with deprivation of rights, regardless of the amount of such excess (5%, 20% or more%).	The driver is in danger of being deprived of his license only if the overload exceeds 20%.
Responsibility of individual entrepreneurs	A responsibility individual entrepreneurs, with rare exceptions, was equated to the liability of individuals.	The responsibility of individual entrepreneurs, also with rare exceptions, is equated to the responsibility of legal entities.
Creation of liability for a violation and fines	Liability arose when the weight of the load or the axle load was exceeded by more than 5% of the permissible value. The amount of the fine did not depend on such an excess (for exceeding the control value by 5% and 50%, the same fine was threatened).	The threshold for exceeding the permissible load weight or axle load, at which liability arises, has been reduced - to 2%. In this case, the penalty now depends on the size of such an excess (the greater the excess, the greater the penalty). The possibility of recording an offense in automatic mode using special technical means (photo, video) is prescribed. In case of fixing such an offense, a fine threatens the legal entity (IP) - the car owner.

Since the situation with responsibility for these offenses has changed dramatically, we decided to first tell you in general what overload is, and later, with the help of experts in this direction, to analyze this issue in more detail.

1. TYPES OF VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTATION OF NONMERAL MATERIALS

For the transportation of non-metallic materials used different kinds trucks.

By their composition, dump trucks are divided into 2 types:
1) single car;
2) road train (saddle or trailed).

Single truck is a single (indivisible) vehicle. In other words, it is a car without a trailer or semi-trailer.

The most common types of single vehicles - dump trucks are shown below.

Road train - these are two or more connected (articulated) vehicles for the carriage of goods.

Road trains are divided into 2 types:
1) road train (the road train includes truck tractor and semitrailer);
2) trailed road train (the road train includes a truck and trailer (s)).

The most common types of tipper road trains are shown below.

Trucks (both single and road trains) can have single axles and close axles (double, triple, etc.).

Single axes cars are located at a distance of at least 2.5 m from each other.
Close axes are at a closer distance and can be combined along 2, 3, 4 or even more axes, forming a so-called "cart".

It is also necessary to talk about the types of car wheels.
Dual wheels - wheels with 2 tires installed on one disc at the same time. The disc accordingly has different dimensions compared to the disc for single wheels, on which only one tire is mounted.
Dual wheels are usually installed on the rear axles of trucks and tractor units, as well as on semi-trailers.

Shown below are single wheel and dual wheel axles.

2. TOTAL AND PERMISSIBLE WEIGHT OF THE VEHICLE

Now let us define the value gross vehicle weight, which is most often used when transporting heavy cargo and provides an initial assessment of the risk of overloading the vehicle.
Gross vehicle weight is the mass of the cargo together with the mass of the vehicle in which this cargo is transported.

Consider example # 1.

There is a road train consisting of:
- a 3-axle truck tractor with a mass of 9 tons;
- a dump 3-axle semi-trailer weighing 9 tons.

The mass of the road train will be 18 t (9 t + 9 t).
The trucks were loaded with 30 m3 of quarry sand weighing 45 tons.
We get the total mass of the vehicle - 63 t (18 t + 45 t).

Permissible vehicle weight is the maximum permissible gross vehicle weight.

The permissible vehicle weight depends both on the type of truck and on the number of axles installed.

Values \u200b\u200bof admissible vehicle weight established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 No. 272 \u200b\u200b"On the approval of the rules for the carriage of goods by car"and are presented in the table below:

Thus, if the gross vehicle mass exceeds the permissible vehicle mass, an overload occurs.

Let's turn again to our example 1. Our road train has 6 axles (3 axles for a tractor and 3 axles for a semi-trailer). We obtain from the table the value of the permissible mass - 44 tons.The total mass of our road train is 63 tons, which significantly exceeds the permissible value ( overload by weight - 19 tons (43%)! ).

3. LOADING ON THE AXLE OF THE VEHICLE

Another equally important benchmark is this.
is the load transmitted to the road surface by the wheels of one axle of the vehicle.

The gross vehicle weight and axle load are related by a simple relationship:

Gross vehicle mass \u003d axle load 1 + axle load 2 + .. + axle load N

Consider example # 2.

We put a 2-axle truck tractor with a mass of 9 tons on a static scale (dual wheels are installed on the rear axle).

The front axle load is significantly higher than the rear axle load. This is due to the fact that the center of gravity of the tractor is strongly displaced towards its front. it contains the heaviest elements of the car: the power unit and the cab.

The mass of the tractor is equal to the sum of the loads on the front and rear axles.

Now let's hook an empty 3-axle dump semitrailer with the same mass of 9 tons to the tractor.

The mass of the road train is 18 t (9 t + 9 t). This mass is also equal to the sum of loads on all axles of the road train.
How have the tractor axle loads changed now? The hooked semi-trailer "presses" on the tractor seat with a force of 1.8 t, so the sum of loads on all axles of the tractor increased by 1.8 t and amounted to 10.8 t (9 t + 1.8 t). As can be seen from the example, the main part of the force applied by the semi-trailer to the tractor saddle was transferred to the rear axle of the tractor.

The load on the rear bogie of the semitrailer is 7.2 tons. It can be calculated in 2 ways:
1) add up the loads on all axles of the rear bogie of the semitrailer (2.5 t + 2.6 t + 2.1 t);
2) from the mass of the semi-trailer, subtract the load that is transferred to the tractor saddle (9 t - 1.8 t).

Let's load this road train with 30 m3 open pit sand and weigh 45 t and put it back on the scales.

Now the semi-trailer transfers the weight of 16.8 t to the tractor seat and the maximum load in this case falls on the rear axle of the tractor.
For a load of this mass, a 3-axle tractor (with a double axle at the rear) would be more suitable. Then the load on each axle of the rear bogie of the tractor would be reduced by approximately 2 times and would be about 8 tons.

The permissible values \u200b\u200bof the mass and axle load of the vehicle are established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.04.2011 No. 272 \u200b\u200b"On the approval of the rules for the carriage of goods by road".

Let's get acquainted with the permissible axial loads. They depend both on the type of the vehicle axle and on the type of wheels mounted on it.

Permissible axle loads of the vehicle were also established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 No. 272 \u200b\u200b"On approval of the rules for the carriage of goods by road" and are presented in the table below:

Type of wheels, established on the vehicle axis	Axle view	Distance between axles
			For highways, designed for load 6 t / axle	For highways, designed for load 10 t / axle	For highways, designed for load 11.5 t / axle
	single axis	from 2.5 m	5.5 t / axle	9 t / axle	10.5 t / axle
	double axle	up to 1 m	8 t / trolley	10 t / trolley	11.5 t / bogie
		1 - 1.3 m	9 t / trolley	13 t / bogie	14 t / trolley
		1.3 - 1.8 m	10 t / trolley	15 t / trolley	17 t / bogie
		1.8 - 2.5 m	11 t / trolley	17 t / bogie	18 t / trolley
	triple axis	up to 1 m	11 t / trolley	15 t / trolley	17 t / bogie
		1 - 1.3 m	12 t / trolley	18 t / trolley	20 t / trolley
		1.3 - 1.8 m	13.5 t / bogie	21 (22.5 *) t / bogie	23.5 t / bogie
		1.8 - 2.5 m	15 t / trolley	22 t / bogie	25 t / trolley
	4 and more close axes	up to 1 m	3.5 t / axle	5 t / axle	5.5 t / axle
		1 - 1.3 m	4 t / axle	6 t / axle	6.5 t / axle
		1.3 - 1.8 m	4.5 t / axle	6.5 t / axle	7.5 t / axle
		1.8 - 2.5 m	5 t / axle	7 t / axle	8.5 t / axle
Dual wheels	single axis	from 2.5 m	6 t / axle	10 t / axle	11.5 t / axle
	double axle	up to 1 m	9 t / trolley	11 t / trolley	12.5 t / bogie
		1 - 1.3 m	10 t / trolley	14 t / trolley	16 t / trolley
		1.3 - 1.8 m	11 t / trolley	16 t / trolley	18 t / trolley
		1.8 - 2.5 m	12 t / trolley	18 t / trolley	20 t / trolley
	triple axis	up to 1 m	12 t / trolley	16.5 t / bogie	18 t / trolley
		1 - 1.3 m	13 t / bogie	19.5 t / bogie	21 t / bogie
		1.3 - 1.8 m	15 t / trolley	22.5 t / bogie	24 t / trolley
		1.8 - 2.5 m	16 t / trolley	23 t / bogie	26 t / bogie
	4 and more close axes	up to 1 m	4 t / axle	5.5 t / axle	6 t / axle
		1 - 1.3 m	4.5 t / axle	6.5 t / axle	7 t / axle
		1.3 - 1.8 m	5 t / axle	7 t / axle	8 t / axle
		1.8 - 2.5 m	5.5 t / axle	7.5 t / axle	9 t / axle

(*) For vehicles equipped with pneumatic or equivalent suspension.

Let's look at example 2.
Suppose that single wheels are installed on the front axle of the tractor, and dual wheels are installed on the rear axle of the tractor and on all axles of the semitrailer. The distance between the axles of the semi-trailer is 1.31 m.
Let's also assume that the route of our road train goes along federal highway M1.
We get the following table of standard and actual values \u200b\u200bof loads on the axle of the road train:

Indicator type	Front axle tractor	Rear axle tractor	1st axis semi-trailer	2nd axis semi-trailer	3rd axis semi-trailer
Axle load (normative value)	10.5 t	11.5 t	8.0 t	8.0 t	8.0 t
Axle load (actual value)	8.3 t	17.5 t	12.7 t	12.8 t	11.7 t
Axle overload	-	6.0 t (52%)	4.7 t (59%)	4.8 t (60%)	3.7 t (46%)

The standard value of the load on each axle of the semi-trailer is obtained by dividing the load on the bogie indicated in the table of permissible axle loads (24 t) by 3 (the number of axles in the bogie).
The table shows that the road train has an overload on all axles, except for the front axle of the tractor. There is also an overload by weight - 23 tons (58%).

We receive new standard and actual data of loads on the axle of the road train:

Indicator type	Front axle tractor	1st rear axle tractor	2nd rear axle tractor	1st axis semi-trailer	2nd axis semi-trailer	3rd axis semi-trailer	4th axis semi-trailer
Axle load (normative value)	10.5 t	9.0 t	9.0 t	8.0 t	8.0 t	8.0 t	8.0 t
Axle load (actual value)	8.3 t	9.0 t	8.5	9.3 t	9.4 t	9.5 t	9.0 t
Axle overload	-	-	-	1.3 t (16%)	1.4 t (18%)	1.5 t (19%)	1.0 t (13%)

The standard value of the load on each rear axle of the tractor is obtained by dividing the load on the rear bogie indicated in the table (18 t) by 2 (the number of axles in the bogie). The standard value of the load on each axle of the semitrailer is 8 tons.
As you can see from the table, the overload along the axles of the semitrailer has significantly decreased, and the tractor has no overload along the axles at all.

If we decided to completely get rid of axial overload (for example, pour 10 tons of sand out of the body), there would still be a 9 t overload (9 t + 9 t + 45 t - 10 t - 44 t) or 9% ...

4. RESPONSIBILITY FOR OVERLOADING OF THE VEHICLE

There are 3 groups of "restraints" for the transportation of non-metallic materials by road:
1) Rules for the carriage of goods by road - the main document regulating the permissible mass and permissible axial loads, which we considered earlier:
2) decisions on the temporary restriction of the movement of vehicles on roadstaken by local authorities during the spring road closures;
3) prohibiting road signs 3.11. "Weight limit" and / or 3.12 "Weight limit on the axle of the vehicle".

Responsibility for overloading a vehicle is established by Art. 12.21.1 Administrative Code of the Russian Federation:

Participant in the supply of nonmetallic materials	EXCESSIVE VEHICLE WEIGHT OR AXLE LOADING
	ABOVE THE PERMISSIBLE VALUE OF Gross weight or axle load (without special permission)				ABOVE THE VALUE OF THE TOTAL WEIGHT OR AXLE LOAD, SPECIFIED IN THE PERMISSION (with special permission)
	more than 2% and up to 10%	more than 10% and up to 20%	more than 20% and up to 50%	more than 50%	more than 2% and up to 10%	more than 10% and up to 20%	more than 20% and up to 50%	more than 50%
Driver	The fine is 1-1.5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 3-4 thousand rubles.	The fine is 5-10 thousand rubles. or deprivation of rights for 2-4 months.		The fine is 1-1.5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 3-3.5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 4-5 thousand rubles. or deprivation of rights for 2-3 months.	The fine is 7-10 thousand rubles. or deprivation of rights for 4-6 months.
Official in charge of transportation	The fine is 10-15 thousand rubles.	The fine is 25-30 thousand rubles.	The fine is 35-40 thousand rubles.	The fine is 45-50 thousand rubles.	The fine is 10-15 thousand rubles.	The fine is 20-25 thousand rubles.	The fine is 30-40 thousand rubles.	The fine is 45-50 thousand rubles.
Transport company (legal entity or individual entrepreneur)	A fine of 100-150 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-300 thousand rubles.	The fine is 350-400 thousand rubles.	A fine of 400-500 thousand rubles.	A fine of 100-150 thousand rubles.	A fine of 200-250 thousand rubles.	A fine of 300-400 thousand rubles.	A fine of 400-500 thousand rubles.
Vehicle owner (legal entity or individual entrepreneur) in case of automatic recording of an offense by means of photo recording (video recording)	The fine is 150 thousand rubles.	The fine is 300 thousand rubles.	The fine is 400 thousand rubles.	A fine of 500 thousand rubles.	The fine is 150 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250 thousand rubles.	The fine is 400 thousand rubles.	A fine of 500 thousand rubles.
Shipper ( individual) in case of underestimation of the weight of the cargo or failure to indicate the number, date and period of validity of the special. permission, route	The fine is 1.5-2 thousand rubles.	The fine is 1.5-2 thousand rubles.	The fine is 5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 1.5-2 thousand rubles.	The fine is 1.5-2 thousand rubles.	The fine is 5 thousand rubles.	The fine is 5 thousand rubles.
The consignor (official) in case of distortion of the weight of the cargo or failure to indicate in the TTN number, date and validity period of special. permission, route	The fine is 15-20 thousand rubles.	The fine is 15-20 thousand rubles.	The fine is 25-35 thousand rubles.	The fine is 25-35 thousand rubles.	The fine is 15-20 thousand rubles.	The fine is 15-20 thousand rubles.	The fine is 25-35 thousand rubles.	The fine is 25-35 thousand rubles.
The consignor (legal entity or individual entrepreneur) in case of distortion of the weight of the cargo or failure to indicate in the TTN number, date and validity period of special. permission, route	A fine of 200-300 thousand rubles.	A fine of 200-300 thousand rubles.	The fine is 350-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 350-400 thousand rubles.	A fine of 200-300 thousand rubles.	A fine of 200-300 thousand rubles.	The fine is 350-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 350-400 thousand rubles.
Entityloading materials into a car	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.	The fine is 250-400 thousand rubles.
Individual entrepreneur loading materials into the car	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.	The fine is 80-100 thousand rubles.

5. VEHICLE OVERLOAD CALCULATOR BY AXES AND WEIGHT

Below are calculators for calculating overload for the following types of dump trucks:

Click on the dump truck picture: