In addition to increasing and improving the operational and technical performance of vehicles, designers pay a lot of attention to ensuring safety. Modern technologies allow equipping cars with a significant number of systems that provide control of the behavior of the car in emergency situations, as well as the maximum possible protection of the driver and passengers from injury in an accident.

What security systems are there?

The very first such system on a car can be considered seat belts, which for a long time remained the only means of protecting passengers. Now the car is equipped with a dozen or more various systems, which are divided into two categories of safety - active and passive.

The active safety of the car is aimed at the possible elimination of an emergency situation and maintaining control over the behavior of the car in emergency cases. Moreover, they act automatically, that is, they make their own adjustments despite the driver's actions.

Passive systems are aimed at reducing the consequences of an accident. These include seat belts, airbags and curtains, special attachment systems for child seats.

Active safety

The first active safety system on a car is anti-lock braking system (ABS). Note that it also serves as the basis for many types of active systems.

In general, active safety systems such as:

• anti-blocking;
• traction control;
• distribution of efforts on the brakes;
• emergency braking;
• directional stability;
• detection of obstacles and pedestrians;
• differential lock.

Many car manufacturers patent their systems. But for the most part, they work according to the same principle, and the difference is reduced only to the names.

ABS

The anti-lock braking system is perhaps the only one that all automakers have the same designation - the abbreviation ABS. The task of the ABS, as the name implies, is to prevent the wheels from completely blocking during braking. This, in turn, prevents the wheels from losing contact with the roadbed, and the car does not go into skidding. The ABS is part of the braking system.

The essence of the functioning of the ABS boils down to the fact that the control unit, through sensors, monitors the rotation speed of each wheel and, when it determines that one of them is slowing down faster than the others, it releases the pressure in the line of this wheel through the executive unit, and it stops decelerating. The ABS is fully automatic. That is, the driver, as usual, simply presses the pedal, and the ABS independently controls the deceleration of all wheels individually.

ASR

The traction control system is aimed at preventing slipping of the driving wheels, which prevents the car from skidding. It works in all modes of movement, but has the ability to turn off. Different automakers designate this system differently - ASR, ASC, DTC, TRC and others.

ASR works on the basis of ABS, that is, it acts on the braking system. But in addition, it also controls the electronic differential lock and some parameters of the power plant.

At a low speed, the ASR monitors, through the ABS sensors, the speed of rotation of the wheels and if it is noted that one of them is rotating faster, then it simply slows down it.

At high speeds, the ASR sends signals to the ECU, which in turn regulates the operation of the power plant, providing a decrease in torque.

EDB

The distribution of braking forces is not a complete system, but only an extension of the ABS functionality. But still it has its own designation - EDB or EBV.

It has the function of preventing the wheels from locking the rear axle. When braking, the center of gravity of the car shifts to the front, which is why the rear wheels are unloaded, so less brake effort is required to lock them. When braking, the EDB uses rear brakes with a slight delay, and also monitors the force created on the wheel brakes and prevents them from blocking.

BAS

The emergency braking system is necessary for the most effective braking action during heavy braking. It is designated by different abbreviations - BA, BAS, EBA, AFU.

This system is of two types. In the first version, it does not use ABS, and the essence of BA's work is reduced to the fact that it monitors the speed of movement of the brake cylinder rod. And when it detects its rapid movement, which happens when the driver "hits" the brakes in an emergency, BA activates the electromagnetic rod drive, compressing it and providing maximum force.

In the second version, BAS works together with ABS. Here everything works according to the principle described above, but the execution is somewhat different. When detecting emergency braking, it sends a signal to the ABS actuator, which creates maximum pressure in the brake lines.

ESP

The stability control system is aimed at stabilizing the behavior of the car and maintaining the direction of movement in the event of emergency situations. Different automakers refer to it as ESP, ESC, DSC, VSA and others.

In fact, ESP is a complex that includes ABS, BA, ASR, as well as an electronic differential lock. It also uses power plant and automatic transmission control systems for operation, in some cases also wheel and steering angle sensors.

Together, they constantly assess the behavior of the car, the driver's actions, and if any deviations from the parameters that are considered the norm are detected, they make the necessary adjustments to the operating mode of the engine, gearbox, and brake systems.

PDS

The pedestrian collision avoidance system monitors the space in front of the car and, when pedestrians are detected, automatically engages the brakes, ensuring the car slows down. Automakers refer to it as PDS, APDS, Eyesight.

PDS is relatively new and is not used by all manufacturers. For PDS operation, cameras or radars are used, and BAS acts as an actuator.

EDS

The electronic differential lock is based on ABS. Its task is to prevent slipping and increase cross-country ability due to the redistribution of torque on the driving wheels.

Note that the EDS works on the same principle as the BAS, that is, it records the rotation speed of the driving wheels with the help of sensors and, when an increased rotation speed is detected on one of them, it activates the brake mechanism.

Assistant systems

Above, only the main systems are described, but active vehicle safety includes a number of auxiliary, so-called "assistants". Their number is also considerable, and they include such systems as:

• Parking (parking sensors make it easier to park a car in a limited space);
• All-round view (cameras installed around the perimeter allow you to control the "blind" zones);
• Cruise control (allows the car to maintain a given speed, without the participation of the driver);
• Emergency steering (allows the car to avoid collision with an obstacle in automatic mode);
• Lane assistance (ensures the movement of the car exclusively in a given lane);
• Assistance when changing lanes (controls blind spots and, when changing lanes, signals a possible obstacle);
• Night vision (allows you to control the space around the car in the dark);
• Road sign recognition (recognizes signs and informs the driver about them);
• Driver fatigue control (when it detects signs of fatigue, the driver signals the need for rest);
• Assistance when starting the movement from the descent and uphill (helps to start the movement without using the brakes or handbrake).

These are the main assistants. But the designers are constantly improving them and creating new ones, increasing the total number of auto systems that ensure safety while driving.

Conclusion

In modern car manufacturing, active safety plays a significant role in preserving the health of people in and out of the car, and also eliminates many situations that would previously lead to damage to the car. Therefore, do not underestimate their importance and neglect the presence of such assistants in the package.

But most importantly, first of all, everything depends on the driver, he must make sure that everyone uses seat belts and understands sensibly at what speed you need to go at the moment. Don't take unnecessary risks when you don't need to!

7.1. Increased security

The problem of safety in road transport includes four main aspects - the safety of road traffic, the vehicle itself, road users and transported goods.

The following basic requirements are imposed on the safety of the car: it must have such technical qualities that will help the driver confidently and reliably drive it with a minimum expenditure of effort, navigate well in various situations, and ensure the safety of the driver and passengers in the event of an accident. The vehicle must be designed to reduce the likelihood of an accident and to provide the driver with the ability to find the right solution in an emergency. This constitutes active vehicle safety.

Despite the desire to increase active safety, it is almost impossible to completely eliminate a road accident: Therefore, the car must be such that in the event of a road accident, when the driver and passengers become only passive participants in the events and no longer have either the time or the opportunity to intervene in them, to minimize the severity of the consequences. All measures serving this purpose are passive vehicle safety.

Once the items passive safety realized the possibilities for saving the lives of road users, the car-driver-road complex must provide the necessary level of post-accident safety. The fact is that the consequence of many accidents is the ignition of a car, the main sources of which are the fuel tank and other elements of the power system.

The essence of active car safety comes down primarily to ensuring reliable operation of all elements and systems of the car, the ability to confidently and comfortably drive the car, ensuring compliance with the traction and braking dynamics of the car road conditions and traffic situations, as well as the psychophysiological characteristics of the driver.

The ability to maneuver mainly depends on the traction and braking dynamics of the vehicle, which affects driver confidence when braking or overtaking and in other situations.

Active safety depends on the design features of the vehicle layout: stability (ability to resist skidding and rollover in various road conditions and at high speeds); controllability with the lowest energy consumption; maneuverability, characterized by the turning radius and overall dimensions of the vehicle; stabilization (the ability to resist unstable movement or maintain the accepted direction of movement); the use of a brake system with separate drives to the wheels or axles, with automatic adjustment of the gap between the shoe and the drum (disc), with a device to prevent wheel blocking; the use of steering and suspension, which ensure a constant reliable connection of the wheel to the road; the ability to ensure the correct installation of the steered wheels; increased tire reliability; the quality of signaling and lighting.

The correctness and timeliness of the driver's assessment of the road situation is largely determined by such characteristics as visibility, the efficiency of lighting systems, cleaning and washing of glass, and their heating.

The reliability of the driver's work during long-term driving depends on its comfort - the microclimate in the cabin, noise and vibration, the comfort of the seats and the use of controls, the smoothness of the ride.

Passive safety functions are divided into preventive and constructive. The first is aimed at preserving life and reducing the severity of injuries through the use of individual and collective protection by optimizing exposure processes taking into account the tolerance of the human body (the ability to endure adverse effects), limiting the movement of goods and preserving their quantity and quality. The constructive function of passive safety must be ensured by proper deformability and energy consumption of the front and rear parts of the machine to preserve living space; the presence of traumatic elements of the interior and external parts (pedestrian protection means), coloristic (color) solutions of the body.

In order to create a safe car, you need to know the level of the human body's tolerance to shocks. One of the most important factors causing damage to the human body is overload (acceleration and deceleration). They are reduced in various ways: by selecting the required dynamic capacity of seat belts, reducing the rigidity and strength of the front and rear parts of the body, placing elastic and soft elements inside the cabin, etc.

In the event of a frontal impact of the vehicle against a stationary obstacle at an initial speed of 80 km / h, deceleration can reach 65 g. If you use a number of activities, you can reduce their size by half. For this, the front and rear parts of the body are made deformable with a gradual increase in rigidity when approaching the passenger compartment by gradually increasing the section of structural elements, wall thickness and their number. The so-called three-layer elements (for example, steel panel - foam plastic - steel panel) are very promising. The outer elements of the front and rear of the machine are preferably made of soft materials (for example, flexible polyurethane foam).

The car interior is made tough and durable, which is very difficult, since this part of the body is weakened by door and window openings. Therefore, it is important that the doors do not open when struck, and the glass does not fly out. The walls of the cabin are made so that other structural elements of the machine and external objects do not penetrate inside. The locking mechanisms of the doors and the doors themselves in the openings should not jam so that people can quickly leave the car after an accident.

An energy-absorbing bumper (buffer) is one of the most effective elements of passive safety of a passenger car, which increases the duration of the period of deceleration of its movement in a collision. Bumpers are divided into those that convert the kinetic energy of an impact into the work of elastic or plastic deformation (honeycomb structures; with spring elements) and those that convert energy into work of friction (with elements made of materials with high internal friction, for example, polyurethane foam; with hydraulic elements). Various combinations are also possible.

In a head-on collision, having complete freedom of movement in the body, a person under the influence of inertial forces continues to move forward at the speed that the car had at the moment of the collision, and as a result hits the interior details. The force of this blow depends on the path in which the body slows down. So, when moving at a speed of 60 km / h, a person weighing 75 kg accumulates such potential energy, which, when moving the body to a complete stop (hitting an interior detail) on a path of 0.01 m, creates a braking force acting on the body of 750 kN, on the track 0.1 m - 75 kN, on the track 1 m - 7.5 kN. Therefore, to prevent impacts, cars are equipped with seat belts. The seat belts that hold the person should be not very rigid and should be stretched taking into account the availability of free space in front of the person in the body so that the movement of the body is as large as possible.

The most widespread are seat belts, consisting of a hip and diagonal belts; double shoulder straps with inertial locks for tension control mechanisms; belts with shock-absorbing device. Belt belts are made from linen and polymer fibers. Using seat belts reduces the number of injuries by 60 ... 75%. The severity of the consequences of accidents also decreases sharply.

Thus, the seat belts do not exclude the movement of the human body when the car collides with an obstacle, and therefore, in case of strong impacts, the driver, moving forward, can rest his chest against the steering column.

Studies show that the amount of force exerted on the driver's chest when striking the steering column is influenced by the driver's weight and height, the position in the seat, the presence and type of seat belts, the type of obstacle the car hits, and the speed of the vehicle. In order for the column to become safe, it has energy-intensive elements: mesh type (easy to manufacture), telescopic (cheaper), with a multi-link steering shaft, with shear pins, with corrugated parts, with belts of reduced longitudinal stiffness, etc. The color insert (Table XI) shows the installation of such an element in the steering column of a VAZ-2108 car. When the car stops abruptly, the driver pushes his chest against the steering wheel /, which, moving forward, deforms the damper (energy-intensive safety element) 2, which reduces the impact on the chest.

Since the load on the steering column is transmitted through the steering wheel, it is very important to make it in such a way that the contact area of \u200b\u200bthe body with it is greatest with a relatively low stiffness, as is done, for example, on the Opel-Astra car (Fig. 7.1).

In accidents, up to 34% of all damage to the bodywork of a passenger car occurs on the windshield, which usually occurs as a result of the impact of the head of the driver or passengers on it. The resulting injuries are particularly severe. To improve the safety of the car, more and more attention is paid to windshields. Glasses of two types are widely used: tempered and laminated. The former, when destroyed, do not produce shards with sharp corners, which can lead to dangerous cuts. Tempered glass is more resilient than laminated glass and therefore absorbs impact energy better (less concussion hazard). Their disadvantage is the loss of transparency due to cracking with incomplete destruction.

Laminated glasses are destroyed on impact with the formation of cracks directed radially from the place of application of the force. Their transparency practically does not change, and the fragments are kept on the plastic layer. The disadvantage of such glasses is that they are less elastic, when hitting them, a person gets a concussion, and injuries from broken glass can lead to death. This can be avoided by increasing the strength of the glass and decreasing its thickness (while it becomes more elastic) or fixing it in the opening so that it flies out. However, at the same time there is no guarantee that a person will not fly out of the body with him, and this is very dangerous.

To prevent post-accident ignition of the car, the fuel tank is placed in the places most protected from impacts (behind the rear seat), they are made of polymeric materials, metal tanks are filled with foam, which prevents gasoline from splashing out when the walls of the tank are destroyed, etc.

Modern advances in science and technology make it possible to hope with good reason that road accidents can be practically eliminated, and if they occur, the consequences and material damage from them are significantly reduced. This conclusion is based on the widespread use of the reservation principle. The main trend in redundancy is to ease the work of the driver through the introduction of automatic devices. A perfectly safe car can be created when the automata first take over simple control operations (stabilization of a given direction of travel, maintaining a safe distance between cars, etc.), and automated traffic control systems take over the tasks of choosing the optimal route from a safety point of view and economy will further completely free the driver from the driving process

car that provide increased safety in accidents?

I think that no one will doubt that the car poses a great danger to others and road users. And since it is not yet possible to completely avoid road traffic accidents, the car is being improved in the direction of reducing the likelihood of an accident and minimizing its consequences. This is facilitated by the tightening of requirements for vehicle safety on the part of organizations engaged in analysis and practical experiments (crash tests). And such events give their positive "fruits". Every year the car becomes safer - both for those who are inside it and for pedestrians. To understand the components of the concept of "car safety", we first divide it into two parts - ACTIVE and PASSIVE safety.

ACTIVE SECURITY

What is ACTIVE CAR SAFETY?
Scientifically speaking, this is a set of design and operational properties of a car aimed at preventing road accidents and eliminating the prerequisites for their occurrence associated with design features car.
Simply put, these are the car systems that help prevent accidents.
Below - more about the parameters and systems of the car that affect its active safety.

1. RELIABILITY

Reliability of components, assemblies and systems of a car is a determining factor in active safety. Particularly high demands are placed on the reliability of elements related to the implementation of the maneuver - the braking system, steering, suspension, engine, transmission, and so on. Increased reliability is achieved by improving the design, using new technologies and materials.

2. CAR LAYOUT

There are three types of vehicle layout:
and) Front-engine - vehicle layout in which the engine is located in front of the passenger compartment. It is the most common and has two options: rear-wheel drive (classic) and front wheel drive... The last type of layout is front-engine front-wheel drive - has now become widespread due to a number of advantages over rear-wheel drive:
- better stability and controllability when driving at high speed, especially on wet and slippery roads;
- ensuring the required weight load on the driving wheels;
- lower noise level, which is facilitated by the absence of a cardan shaft.
At the same time, front-wheel drive cars have a number of disadvantages:
- under full load, acceleration on the rise and on wet roads is reduced;
- at the moment of braking, too uneven distribution of weight between the axles (the wheels of the front axle account for 70% -75% of the weight of the car) and, accordingly, the braking forces (see Braking Properties);
- the tires of the front driving steered wheels are loaded more, respectively, are more prone to wear;
- the drive to the front wheels requires the use of complex narrow joints - constant velocity joints (SHRUS)
- the combination of the power unit (engine and gearbox) with the main gear complicates access to individual elements.

b) Layout with central location of the engine - the engine is located between the front and rear axles, for cars it is quite rare. It allows you to get the most spacious interior for the given dimensions and good distribution along the axes.

in) Rear-motor - the engine is located behind the passenger compartment. This arrangement was common in small cars. When transmitting torque to the rear wheels, it made it possible to obtain an inexpensive power unit and the distribution of such axle load in which the rear wheels accounted for about 60% of the weight. This had a positive effect on the vehicle's cross-country ability, but negatively on its stability and handling, especially at high speeds. Cars with this layout, at present, are practically not produced.

3. BRAKE PROPERTIES

The ability to prevent accidents is most often associated with heavy braking, therefore, it is necessary that the braking properties of the car provide its effective deceleration in all traffic situations.
To fulfill this condition, the force developed by the braking mechanism should not exceed the adhesion force with the road, which depends on the weight load on the wheel and the condition of the road surface. Otherwise, the wheel will block (stop rotating) and begin to slip, which can lead (especially when several wheels are blocked) to the car skidding and a significant increase in the braking distance. To prevent blocking, the forces generated by the brakes must be proportional to the weight load on the wheel. This is accomplished by using more efficient disc brakes.
Modern cars use anti-lock braking system (ABS), which corrects the braking force of each wheel and prevents them from slipping.
In winter and summer, the condition of the road surface is different, therefore, for the best implementation of the braking properties, it is necessary to use tires that are appropriate for the season.

4. TRACTION PROPERTIES

Traction properties (traction dynamics) of a car determine its ability to intensively increase its speed. The confidence of the driver when overtaking, driving through prerekrests largely depends on these properties. Traction dynamics are especially important for getting out of emergency situations, when it is too late to brake, maneuver is not allowed difficult conditions, and an accident can be avoided only by anticipating the events.
As in the case of braking forces, the traction force on the wheel should not be greater than the traction force on the road, otherwise it will start to slip. This is prevented by the traction control system (PBS). When the car accelerates, it slows down the wheel, the rotation speed of which is greater than that of the others, and, if necessary, reduces the power developed by the engine.

5. STABILITY OF THE CAR

Stability is the ability of a car to keep moving along a given trajectory, counteracting the forces that cause it to skid and roll over in various road conditions at high speeds.
The following types of resistance are distinguished:
- transverse with straight motion (directional stability).
Its violation manifests itself in yawing (changing the direction of movement) of the car on the road and can be caused by the action of the side wind force, different values \u200b\u200bof traction or braking forces on the wheels of the left or right side, their slipping or sliding. large backlash in the steering, incorrect wheel alignment angles, etc.;
- transverse with curvilinear movement.
Its violation leads to skidding or overturning under the influence of centrifugal force. Stability is especially impaired by an increase in the position of the vehicle's center of mass (for example, a large mass of cargo on a removable roof rack)
- longitudinal.
Its violation is manifested in the slipping of the driving wheels when overcoming protracted icy or snow-covered uphills and the car sliding back. This is especially true for road trains.

6. CAR CONTROL

Handling is the ability of the vehicle to move in the direction given by the driver.
One of the characteristics of handling is understeer - the ability of a car to change the direction of travel when the steering wheel is stationary. Depending on the change in the turning radius under the influence of lateral forces (centrifugal force when cornering, wind force, etc.), steering can be:
- insufficient - the car increases the turning radius;
- neutral - the turning radius does not change;
- redundant - the turning radius decreases.

Distinguish between tire and roll steering.

Tire steering

Tire understeer is related to the property of tires to move at an angle to a given direction during lateral pull (displacement of the contact patch with the road relative to the plane of rotation of the wheel). If tires of a different model are fitted, steering may change and the vehicle will behave differently when cornering at high speeds. In addition, the amount of lateral slip depends on the tire pressure, which must correspond to that specified in the vehicle's operating instructions.

Heel steering

Heel steering is associated with the fact that when the body tilts (roll), the wheels change their position relative to the road and the car (depending on the type of suspension). For example, if the suspension is double wishbone, the wheels tilt to the roll sides, increasing the slip.

7. INFORMATIVITY

Informativeness - the property of a car to provide the driver and other road users with the necessary information. Insufficient information from other vehicles on the road about the condition of the road surface, etc. often causes an accident. The information content of the car is divided into internal, external and additional.

Internal provides an opportunity for the driver to perceive the information necessary for driving.
It depends on the following factors:
- Visibility should allow the driver to receive all the necessary information about the traffic situation in a timely manner and without interference. Defective or ineffective washers, windshield blowing and heating systems, windshield wipers, and the absence of standard rear-view mirrors dramatically impair visibility under certain road conditions.
- Instrument panel position, buttons and control keys, gear lever, etc. should provide the driver with a minimum time to monitor indications, operating switches, etc.

External information content - providing other road users with information from the car, which is necessary for the correct interaction with them. It includes an external light alarm system, a sound signal, dimensions, shape and color of the body. The information content of cars depends on the contrast of their color relative to the road surface. According to statistics, cars painted in black, green, gray and blue are twice as likely to get into accidents due to the difficulty of distinguishing them in poor visibility conditions and at night. Defective direction indicators, brake lights, parking lights will not allow other road users to recognize the driver's intentions in time and make the right decision.

Additional information content - the property of the car, allowing it to operate in conditions of limited visibility: at night, in fog, etc. It depends on the characteristics of the lighting system and other devices (for example, fog lights) that improve the driver's perception of traffic information.

8. COMFORTABLE

The comfort of the car determines the time during which the driver is able to drive the car without fatigue. The increase in comfort is facilitated by the use of automatic transmission, speed controllers (cruise control), etc. Currently, cars are produced with adaptive cruise control. It not only automatically maintains the speed at a given level, but also, if necessary, reduces it to a complete stop of the car.

PASSIVE SECURITY

Passive vehicle safety must ensure the survival and minimization of the number of injuries to the passengers of the vehicle involved in a road traffic accident.
IN last years passive vehicle safety has become one of the essential elements from the point of view of manufacturers. Huge funds are invested in the study of this topic and its development, and not only because firms care about the health of customers, but because safety is a sales lever. And firms love to sell.
I will try to explain a few definitions hidden under the broad definition of "passive safety".
It is subdivided into external and internal.

External is achieved by eliminating sharp corners, protruding handles, etc. on the outer surface of the body. With this, everything is clear and quite simple.
To level up internal security uses a lot of different design solutions:

1. BODY STRUCTURE or "SAFETY GRILLE"

It provides acceptable loads on the human body from a sharp deceleration in an accident and preserves the space of the passenger compartment after body deformation.
In a severe accident, there is a danger that the engine and other components may enter the driver's cab. Therefore, the cab is surrounded by a special "safety cage", which is an absolute protection in such cases. The same ribs and stiffening bars can be found in the doors of the car (in case of side collisions).
This also includes energy dissipation areas.
In a severe accident, a sudden and sudden deceleration occurs until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. This process causes huge overloads on the bodies of passengers, which can be fatal. It follows from this that it is necessary to find a way to "slow down" the deceleration in order to reduce the load on the human body. One way to accomplish this is to design collision dampening areas in the front and rear of the body. The destruction of the car will be more severe, but the passengers will remain intact (and this is in comparison with the old "thick-skinned" cars, when the car got off with a "slight fright", but the passengers were seriously injured).

2. SEAT BELTS

The harness system, so familiar to us, is undoubtedly the most effective way to protect a person during an accident. After many years, during which the system has remained unchanged, in recent years there have been significant changes that have increased the degree of passenger safety. Thus, in the event of an accident, the belt pretensioner pulls the body of the person to the back of the seat, thereby preventing the body from moving forward or slipping under the belt. The effectiveness of the system is due to the fact that the belt is in a taut position, and not loosened by the use of various clips and clothespins, which practically cancel the action of the pretensioner. An additional element of the pretensioner seat belts is the maximum body load limiting system. When triggered, the belt will loosen slightly, thereby reducing the load on the body.

3. INFLATABLE AIRBAGS (airbag)

One of the most common and effective safety systems in modern cars (after seat belts) is airbags. They began to be widely used already in the late 70s, but only a decade later they really took their rightful place in the safety systems of cars of most manufacturers.
They are placed not only in front of the driver, but also in front of the front passenger, as well as from the sides (in doors, body pillars, etc.). Some car models have their forced shutdown due to the fact that people with heart problems and children may not withstand their false alarms.

4. SEATS WITH HEADRESTS

I don't think anyone doubts the role of the headrest is to prevent sudden movement of the head during an accident. Therefore, you should adjust the height of the headrest and its position to the correct position. Modern head restraints have two degrees of adjustment to prevent injuries to the cervical vertebrae when moving "with an overlap", so characteristic of rear collisions.

5. CHILD SAFETY

Today, there is no longer any need to rack your brains over fitting the child seat to the original seat belts. An increasingly common device Isofix allows you to attach the child safety seat directly to the connection points prepared in the car without using a seat belt. You just need to check that the car and the child seat are adapted to the mountings Isofix.

According to statistics, cars are involved in more than 80% of all road accidents. More than one million people die every year and about 500,000 are injured. In an effort to draw attention to this problem, every 3rd Sunday in November was declared by the United Nations "World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims". Modern car safety systems are aimed at reducing the existing sad statistics on this issue. The designers of new cars always closely follow the production standards and. To do this, they simulate all kinds of dangerous situations in crash tests. Therefore, before the release of the car, it undergoes a thorough check and suitability for safe use on the road.

But it is impossible to completely eliminate this type of incidents with this level of development of technology and society. Therefore, the main emphasis is on preventing an emergency and eliminating the consequences after it.

Auto safety tests

The main body for assessing the safety of automobiles is the European New Car Test Association. It has existed since 1995. Each new brand cars passed through are rated on a five-star scale - the more stars, the better.

For example, through tests, they have proven that using high airbags reduces the risk of head injury by 5-6 times.

Active security options

Active car safety systems are a complex of design and operational properties that are aimed at reducing the likelihood of an accident on the road.

Let's analyze the main parameters that are responsible for the level of active security.

1. For the efficiency of driving a car during braking, it is responsible braking properties, the serviceability of which allows you to avoid an accident. The anti-lock braking system is responsible for adjusting the level and the wheel system as a whole.

   

2. Traction properties cars affect the ability to increase the speed in motion, take part in overtaking, restructuring in traffic lanes and other maneuvers.
3. The production and tuning of the suspension, steering, braking system is carried out using new quality standards and modern materials, which allows you to improve reliability systems.

   

4. Has an impact on safety and auto layout... Cars with a front-engined layout are considered more preferable.
5. For the best passing of the trajectory of movement, avoiding skids, throws to the side and other problems with deviation from the set path, is responsible vehicle stability.
6. Vehicle handling - the ability of the car to move along the path chosen. One of the definitions that characterize handling is the ability of a car to change the vector of motion, provided the steering wheel is stationary - understeer. Distinguish between tire and roll steering.
7. Informativeness - a property of a car, the task of which is to provide the driver with information about the traffic intensity on the road, weather conditions and other things in a timely manner. Distinguish between internal information content, which depends on the radius of view, the effective work of blowing and heating glasses; external, depending on the overall dimensions, serviceable headlights, brake lights; and additional informational content, which helps with fog, snowfall and at night.
8. Comfort - a parameter responsible for creating favorable microclimate conditions while driving.

   

Active safety systems

The most popular active safety systems that significantly improve the efficiency of the braking system are:

1) Anti-lock braking system... It removes blocking of the wheels during braking. The task of the system is to prevent the car from slipping if the driver loses control during emergency braking. ABS reduces the braking distance, which will allow you to avoid hitting a pedestrian or getting into a ditch. anti-lock braking system is traction control and electronic stability control;

2) Traction control system... designed to improve vehicle handling in difficult weather conditions and conditions of poor adhesion, using a mechanism for influencing the driving wheels;

3) ... Prevents unpleasant car drifts thanks to the use of an electronic computer, which controls the torque of the wheel or wheels simultaneously. The computer-led system takes over control when the probability of loss of human control is close - therefore, it is a very effective car security system;

4) Brake force distribution system... Complements the anti-lock braking system. The main difference is that CPT helps control the braking system throughout the entire movement of the vehicle, and not just during an emergency. She is responsible for the uniform distribution of braking forces on all wheels in order to maintain the trajectory set by the driver;

5) Electronic differential lock mechanism... The essence of its work is as follows: during skidding or sliding, a situation often arises that one of the wheels hangs in the air, continuing to spin, and the support wheel stops. The driver loses control of the vehicle, which creates the risk of an accident on the road. In turn, the differential lock allows you to transfer the torque to the axle shafts or cardan shafts, normalizing the movement of the car.

6) Automatic emergency braking mechanism... It helps in cases when the driver does not have time to fully press the brake pedal, i.e. the system automatically applies the brake pressure.

7) Pedestrian Approach Warning System... When a pedestrian approaches the vehicle dangerously, the system will sound a signal that will avoid an accident on the road and save his life.

There are also safety systems (assistants) that come into operation before the onset of an accident, as soon as they sense a potential threat to the driver's life, while they take over responsibility for the steering and braking system. The breakthrough for the development of these mechanisms gave a breakthrough in the study electronic systems: new ones are released The idea to create a mechanism for binding the driver to the seat appeared in 1907, and already in 1959 the first car belts were produced. To this day they remain

Conclusion

Thanks to the development of science, active and passive safety systems are constantly being improved. Modern cars are equipped with more advanced safety systems, which can significantly reduce the risk of an accident and reduce injury to passengers and damage to equipment. European Union statistics confirm that the use of these systems has reduced the number of fatalities on the road by almost half. Therefore, when choosing your car, check that it has a good security system, as this will help avoid accidents on the road and save your life. What do you think are the most reliable car security systems?

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Course work

by discipline: Regulation and standardization of vehicle safety requirements.

Topic: Active and passive vehicle safety

Introduction

3. Normative documents regulating road safety

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

A modern automobile is inherently a hazardous device. Taking into account the social significance of the car and its potential danger during operation, manufacturers equip their cars with means that contribute to its safe operation.

The reliability and serviceability of each vehicle on the road ensures road safety in general. The safety of the car directly depends on its design, it is divided into active and passive.

car accident transport safety

1. Active vehicle safety

The active safety of a car is a combination of its design and operational properties, aimed at preventing and reducing the likelihood of an emergency on the road.

Basic properties:

1) Traction

2) Brake

3) Stability

4) Controllability

5) Permeability

6) Informativeness

RELIABILITY

Reliability of components, assemblies and systems of the vehicle is a determining factor in active safety. Particularly high demands are placed on the reliability of elements related to the implementation of the maneuver - the braking system, steering, suspension, engine, transmission, and so on. Increased reliability is achieved by improving the design, using new technologies and materials.

CAR LAYOUT

There are three types of vehicle layout:

a) Front-engine - vehicle layout in which the engine is located in front of the passenger compartment. It is the most common and has two options: rear-wheel drive (classic) and front-wheel drive. The latter type of layout - front-engine front-wheel drive - is now widely used due to a number of advantages over rear-wheel drive:

Better stability and handling when driving at high speed, especially on wet and slippery roads;

Ensuring the required weight load on the driving wheels;

Less noise, which is facilitated by the absence of a propeller shaft.

At the same time, front-wheel drive cars have a number of disadvantages:

Under full load, acceleration on the rise and on wet roads deteriorates;

At the moment of braking, the distribution of weight between the axles is too uneven (the wheels of the front axle account for 70% -75% of the weight of the car) and, accordingly, of the braking forces (see Braking Properties);

The tires of the front driving steered wheels are loaded more and are therefore more prone to wear;

Front-wheel drive requires the use of complex units - constant velocity joints (CV joints)

The combination of the power unit (engine and gearbox) with the final drive makes it difficult to access individual elements.

b) Layout with a mid-engine position - the engine is located between the front and rear axles, it is rather rare for cars. It allows you to get the most spacious interior for the given dimensions and good distribution along the axes.

c) Rear-engined - the engine is located behind the passenger compartment. This arrangement was common in small cars. When transmitting torque to the rear wheels, it made it possible to obtain an inexpensive power unit and to distribute such a load along the axles, in which the rear wheels accounted for about 60% of the weight. This had a positive effect on the vehicle's cross-country ability, but negatively on its stability and handling, especially at high speeds. Cars with this layout, at present, are practically not produced.

BRAKE PROPERTIES

The ability to prevent accidents is most often associated with heavy braking, therefore, it is necessary that the braking properties of the car provide its effective deceleration in all traffic situations.

To fulfill this condition, the force developed by the braking mechanism must not exceed the adhesion force, which depends on the weight load on the wheel and the condition of the road surface. Otherwise, the wheel will block (stop rotating) and begin to slip, which can lead (especially when several wheels are blocked) to the car skidding and a significant increase in the braking distance. To prevent blocking, the forces generated by the brakes must be proportional to the weight load on the wheel. This is accomplished by using more efficient disc brakes.

Modern cars use anti-lock braking system (ABS), which corrects the braking force of each wheel and prevents them from slipping.

In winter and summer, the condition of the road surface is different, therefore, for the best implementation of the braking properties, it is necessary to use tires that are appropriate for the season.

TRACTION PROPERTIES

The traction properties (traction dynamics) of a car determine its ability to rapidly increase its speed. The driver's confidence in overtaking and crossing intersections largely depends on these properties. Traction dynamics is especially important for getting out of emergency situations, when it is too late to brake, difficult conditions do not allow maneuvering, and an accident can be avoided only by anticipating the event.

As in the case of braking forces, the traction force on the wheel should not be greater than the traction force on the road, otherwise it will start to slip. This is prevented by the traction control system (PBS). When the car accelerates, it slows down the wheel, the rotation speed of which is greater than that of the others, and, if necessary, reduces the power developed by the engine.

STABILITY OF THE CAR

Stability is the ability of a car to keep moving along a given trajectory, counteracting the forces that cause it to skid and roll over in various road conditions at high speeds.

The following types of resistance are distinguished:

Transverse with straight motion (directional stability).

Its violation manifests itself in yawing (changing the direction of movement) of the car on the road and can be caused by the action of the side wind force, different values \u200b\u200bof traction or braking forces on the wheels of the left or right side, their slipping or sliding. large backlash in the steering, incorrect wheel alignment angles, etc.;

Transverse with curvilinear motion.

Its violation leads to skidding or overturning under the influence of centrifugal force. Stability is especially impaired by an increase in the position of the vehicle's center of mass (for example, a large mass of cargo on a removable roof rack)

Longitudinal.

Its violation is manifested in the slipping of the driving wheels when overcoming protracted icy or snow-covered uphills and the car sliding back. This is especially true for road trains.

CAR CONTROL

Handling is the ability of the vehicle to move in the direction given by the driver.

One of the characteristics of handling is understeer - the ability of a car to change the direction of travel when the steering wheel is stationary. Depending on the change in the turning radius under the influence of lateral forces (centrifugal force when cornering, wind force, etc.), steering can be:

Insufficient - the car increases the turning radius;

Neutral - the turning radius does not change;

Excessive - the turning radius is reduced.

Distinguish between tire and roll steering.

Tire steering

Tire understeer is related to the property of tires to move at an angle to a given direction during lateral pull (displacement of the contact patch with the road relative to the plane of rotation of the wheel). If tires of a different model are fitted, steering may change and the vehicle will behave differently when cornering at high speeds. In addition, the amount of lateral slip depends on the tire pressure, which must correspond to that specified in the vehicle's operating instructions.

Heel steering

Heel steering is associated with the fact that when the body tilts (roll), the wheels change their position relative to the road and the car (depending on the type of suspension). For example, if the suspension is double wishbone, the wheels tilt to the roll sides, increasing the slip.

INFORMATIVITY

Informativeness - the property of a car to provide the driver and other road users with the necessary information. Insufficient information from other vehicles on the road about the condition of the road surface, etc. often causes an accident. Internal provides the ability for the driver to perceive the information necessary to drive the vehicle.

It depends on the following factors:

Visibility should allow the driver to receive all the necessary information about the traffic situation in a timely manner and without interference. Defective or ineffective washers, windshield blowing and heating systems, windshield wipers, and the absence of standard rear-view mirrors dramatically impair visibility under certain road conditions.

The location of the instrument panel, buttons and control keys, gear lever, etc. should provide the driver with a minimum time to monitor readings, operating switches, etc.

External information content - providing other traffic participants with information from the car, which is necessary for the correct interaction with them. It includes an external light alarm system, a sound signal, dimensions, shape and color of the body. The information content of cars depends on the contrast of their color relative to the road surface. According to statistics, cars painted in black, green, gray and blue are twice as likely to get into accidents due to the difficulty of distinguishing them in poor visibility conditions and at night. Defective direction indicators, brake lights, side lights will not allow other road users to recognize the driver's intentions in time and make the right decision.

2. Passive vehicle safety

Passive vehicle safety is a combination of the design and operational properties of a vehicle aimed at reducing the severity of an accident.

It is subdivided into external and internal.

Internal measures include measures to protect people sitting in the car by special equipment salon.

Such as:

· Seat belts

Airbags

Headrests

Injury-safe steering pad

Life support zone

External passive safety includes measures to protect passengers by giving the body special properties, for example, the absence of sharp corners, deformation.

Such as:

Body shape

Trauma-safe elements

Provides acceptable loads on the human body from sudden deceleration in an accident and preserves the space of the passenger compartment after body deformation.

In a severe accident, there is a danger that the engine and other components may enter the driver's cab. Therefore, the cab is surrounded by a special "safety cage", which is an absolute protection in such cases. The same ribs and stiffening bars can be found in the doors of the car (in case of side collisions). This also includes the areas of energy extinguishing.

In a severe accident, a sudden and sudden deceleration occurs until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. This process causes huge overloads on the bodies of passengers, which can be fatal. It follows from this that it is necessary to find a way to "slow down" the deceleration in order to reduce the load on the human body. One way to accomplish this is to design collision dampening areas in the front and rear of the body. The destruction of the car will be more severe, but the passengers will remain intact (and this is in comparison with the old "thick-skinned" cars, when the car got off with a "slight fright", but the passengers were seriously injured).

The body structure provides that in a collision, the body parts are deformed as if separately. In addition to this, highly stressed metal sheets are used in the construction. This makes the car more rigid, and on the other hand allows it to be less heavy.

SEAT BELTS

At first, cars were equipped with two-point belts that "held" the riders by the stomach or chest. Less than half a century later, engineers realized that the multi-point design is much better, because in an accident it allows you to distribute the belt pressure on the body surface more evenly and significantly reduce the risk of injury to the spine and internal organs. In motorsport, for example, four-, five- and even six-point seat belts are used - they keep a person in the seat "tightly". But in "civilian" because of their simplicity and convenience, three-point have taken root.

In order for the belt to function properly, it must fit snugly to the body. Previously, belts had to be adjusted and adjusted to fit. With the advent of inertial belts, the need for "manual adjustment" has disappeared - in the normal state, the coil spins freely, and the belt can grab a passenger of any size, it does not constrain the action and every time the passenger wants to change the position of the body, the strap always fits snugly to the body. But at that moment, when "force majeure" comes, the inertial coil will immediately fix the belt. Moreover, on modern machines squibs are used in belts. Small charges of explosives detonate, yank the belt, and it pushes the passenger against the back of the seat, preventing him from hitting.

Seat belts are one of the most effective means of protection in an accident.

Therefore, passenger cars must be fitted with seat belts if anchorage points are provided for this. The protective properties of belts largely depend on their technical condition. Belts malfunctions, in which the operation of the car is not allowed, include tears and abrasions of the fabric tape of the straps visible to the naked eye, unreliable fixation of the tongue of the strap in the lock or the absence of automatic ejection of the tongue when the lock is unlocked. For inertia-type seat belts, the strap should be freely drawn into the reel and blocked when the car is moving sharply at a speed of 15 - 20 km / h. Belts that have experienced critical loads during an accident in which the car body has received serious damage are subject to replacement.

AIR BAGS

One of the most common and effective safety systems in modern cars (after seat belts) is airbags. They began to be widely used already in the late 70s, but only a decade later they really took their rightful place in the safety systems of cars of most manufacturers.

They are placed not only in front of the driver, but also in front of the front passenger, as well as from the sides (in doors, body pillars, etc.). Some car models have their forced shutdown due to the fact that people with heart problems and children may not withstand their false alarms.

Today, airbags are common, not only in expensive cars, but also in small (and relatively inexpensive) cars. Why are airbags needed? And what are they?

Airbags have been developed for both drivers and passengers on front seat... For the driver, the airbag is usually installed on the steering wheel, for the passenger - on dashboard (depending on the design).

The front airbags deploy when an alarm is received from the control unit. Depending on the design, the degree of gas filling of the pillow can vary. The purpose of the front airbags is to protect the driver and passenger from injury by solid objects (engine body, etc.) and glass fragments in frontal collisions.

Side airbags are designed to reduce damage to people in the vehicle in a side impact. They are installed on the doors or in the seat backs. In a side impact collision, external sensors send signals to the central airbag control unit. This makes it possible for some or all of the side airbags to deploy.

Here is a diagram of how the airbag system works:

Studies of the influence of airbags on the probability of driver death in frontal collisions have shown that this is reduced by 20-25%.

In the event that the airbags have deployed or have been damaged in any way, they cannot be repaired. The entire airbag system must be replaced.

The driver's airbag has a volume of 60 to 80 liters, and the front passenger's volume is up to 130 liters. It is easy to imagine that when the system is triggered, the volume of the cabin decreases by 200-250 liters within 0.04 seconds (see figure), which puts a considerable load on the eardrums. In addition, an airbag flying out at a speed of more than 300 km / h is fraught with a considerable danger to people if they are not wearing a seat belt and nothing hinders the inertial movement of the body towards the airbag.

There are statistics on the impact of airbags on crash injuries. What should be done to reduce the likelihood of injury?

If your car has an airbag, you should not place a rearward facing child seat on the car seat where the airbag is located. When inflated, the airbag can move the seat and cause injury to the child.

Airbags in a passenger seat increase the likelihood of death for children under 13 sitting in that seat. A child under 150 cm tall may be hit in the head air cushionopening at a speed of 322 km / h.

Headrests

The role of the headrest is to prevent sudden movement of the head during an accident. Therefore, the height of the head restraint and its position should be adjusted to the correct position. Modern head restraints have two degrees of adjustment to prevent injuries to the cervical vertebrae when moving "with an overlap", so characteristic of rear collisions.

Effective protection when using a head restraint can be achieved if it is exactly in line with the center of the head at the level of its center of gravity and no further than 7 cm from the back of the head. Please be aware that some seat options change the size and position of the headrest.

INJURY STEERING MECHANISM

Trauma-safe steering is one of the constructive measures that ensure the passive safety of the car - the property to reduce the severity of the consequences of road accidents. The steering gear can seriously injure the driver in a head-on collision with an obstacle by crushing the front of the vehicle when the entire steering gear is moved towards the driver.

The driver can also get injured from the steering wheel or steering shaft when moving forward suddenly as a result of a frontal collision, when the movement is 300… 400 mm with a weak seat belt tension. To reduce the severity of injuries sustained by the driver in frontal collisions, which account for about 50% of all road traffic accidents, various designs of injury-free steering mechanisms are used. For this purpose, in addition to the steering wheel with a recessed hub and two spokes, which can significantly reduce the severity of injuries caused by impact, a special energy-absorbing device is installed in the steering gear, and the steering shaft is often made of composite. All this provides a slight movement of the steering shaft inside the car body during frontal collisions with obstacles, cars and other vehicles.

Other energy-absorbing devices are also used in injury-safe steering systems of passenger cars, which connect composite steering shafts. These include rubber couplings of a special design, as well as devices of the "Japanese flashlight" type, which is made in the form of several longitudinal plates welded to the ends of the connected parts of the steering shaft. In collisions, the rubber clutch collapses and the connecting plates deform and reduce steering shaft movement within the vehicle interior. The main elements of a wheel assembly are a rim with a disc and a pneumatic tire, which can be tubeless or consist of a tire, a tube and a rim tape.

SPARE OUTPUTS

Roof hatches and bus windows can be used as emergency exits for quick evacuation of passengers from the passenger compartment in the event of an accident or fire. For this purpose, inside and outside the passenger compartment of buses, special means for opening emergency windows and hatches. So, glass can be installed in the window openings of the body on a two locking rubber profile with a locking cord. If a danger arises, it is necessary to pull out the lock cord using a clip attached to it and squeeze out the glass. Some windows are hinged in the opening and equipped with handles to open them outward.

Devices for activating emergency exits of buses in operation must be in working order. However, during the operation of buses, employees of the ATP often remove the bracket on the emergency windows, fearing deliberate damage to the sealing of the windows by passengers or pedestrians in cases where this is not dictated by necessity. Such "foresight" makes it impossible to urgently evacuate people from buses.

3. Basic regulatory documents regulating road safety.

The main regulatory documents governing road safety are:

1. Laws:

Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Road Safety" dated 10.12.95. No. 196-FZ;

The RSFSR Code of Administrative Offenses;

The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

Civil Code of the Russian Federation;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09/10/2009 N 720 (as amended on 12/22/2012, as amended on 04/08/2014) "On approval of technical regulations on the safety of wheeled vehicles";

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 711 of 15.06.98. "On additional measures to ensure road safety".

2.GOSTs and norms:

GOST 25478-91. Motor vehicles. Requirements to technical condition according to the conditions of the database.

GOST R 50597-93. Car roads and streets. Requirements for the operational state permissible under the conditions of road safety.

GOST 21399-75. Cars with diesel engines. Smoke in the exhaust gases.

GOST 27435-87. External car noise level.

GOST 17.2.2.03-87 Nature protection. Standards and methods for measuring the content of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases of cars with gasoline engines.

3. Rules and regulations:

Rules for the carriage of dangerous goods by road of the Russian Federation No. 73;

The main provisions on vehicles for operation and the duties of officials to ensure road safety. Resolution of the Council of Ministers-Government of the Russian Federation 23.10.93. # 1090;

Regulations on ensuring road safety in enterprises, institutions, organizations carrying out the transportation of passengers and goods. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation 09.03.95 No. 27.

Instructions for the transportation of bulky and heavy cargo by road on the roads of the Russian Federation. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation 05/27/97

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations of workers and medical regulations for admission to the profession" No. 90 of 03/14/96.

Regulations on the procedure for attestation, holding the positions of executive managers and specialists of transport enterprises. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation 03/11/94 No. 13./111520.

Regulation on ensuring the safety of passenger transportation by buses. Min.trans. RF 08.01.97 # 2.

Regulation on working hours and rest time for drivers. State Committee for Labor and Issues and All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions on 08.16. No. 255/16.

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "On the approval of the first-aid kit (automobile)" No. 325 dated 14.08.96.

Regulations on the Russian Transport Inspection. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation Government of the Russian Federation 11/26/97 No. 20.

4. Active and passive safety of vehicles of category M1

2. Requirements for active safety

2.1. Requirements for braking systems

2.1.1. The vehicle is equipped with braking systems capable of performing the following braking functions:

2.1.1.1. Service brake system:

2.1.1.1.1. Acts on all wheels from one control

2.1.1.1.2. When the driver acts on the control from his seat, with both hands of the driver on the steering control, it slows down the vehicle until it comes to a complete stop both when moving forward and in reverse.

2.1.1.2. The spare braking system is capable of:

2.1.1.2.1. For vehicles with four or more wheels - act on the braking mechanisms by means of at least half of the dual-circuit service brake system on at least two wheels (on each side of the vehicle) in the event of a failure in the service brake system or brake booster systems;

2.1.1.3. Parking brake system:

2.1.1.3.1. Brakes all wheels, at least one of the axles;

2.1.1.3.2. It has a control body that, when activated, is able to maintain the braked state of the vehicle only mechanically.

2.1.2. The braking forces on the wheels should not occur if the brake controls are not engaged.

2.1.3. The action of the working and spare braking systems provides a smooth, adequate decrease or increase in braking forces (vehicle deceleration) while decreasing or increasing, respectively, the force exerted on the brake system control.

2.1.4. In vehicles with four wheels or more, the hydraulic braking system is equipped with a red warning light, which is activated by a signal from the pressure sensor, informing about a malfunction of any part of the hydraulic braking system associated with a brake fluid leak.

2.1.5. Management and control bodies.

2.1.5.1. Service brake system:

2.1.5.1.1. A foot control (pedal) is used, which moves without interference when the leg is in a natural position. This requirement does not apply to vehicles intended to be driven by persons whose physical capabilities do not allow driving with the feet, and vehicles of category L.

2.1.5.1.1.1. When the pedal is pressed all the way, there should be a gap between the pedal and the floor.

2.1.5.1.1.2. When released, the pedal should return fully to its original position.

2.1.5.1.2. The service brake system provides for compensation adjustment due to wear of the friction material of the brake linings. Such adjustment should be carried out automatically on all axles of vehicles with four wheels or more.

2.1.5.1.3. If there are separate controls for the service and emergency braking systems, the simultaneous actuation of both controls should not result in the simultaneous deactivation of the service and emergency braking systems.

2.1.5.2. Parking brake system

2.1.5.2.1. The parking brake system has a control that is independent of the service brake control. The parking brake control is equipped with a functional locking mechanism.

2.1.5.2.2. The parking brake system provides for manual or automatic compensation adjustment due to wear of the friction material of the brake linings.

2.1.7. In order to provide periodic technical inspections of brake systems, it is possible to check the wear of the service brake linings of the vehicle using only the tools or devices usually supplied with it, for example, using the appropriate inspection holes or in some other way. Alternatively, audible or optical devices are permitted to alert the driver at his workplace to replace the linings. A yellow warning signal can be used as a visual warning.

2.2. Requirements for tires and wheels

2.2.1. Each tire fitted to the vehicle:

2.2.1.1. Has a molded marking with at least one of the conformity marks "E", "e" or "DOT".

2.2.1.2. It has molded markings for the tire size, load capacity index and speed category index.

2.3. Requirements for means of ensuring visibility

2.3.1. The driver who will drive the vehicle must be able to freely see the road ahead of him, as well as have a view to the right and left of the vehicle.

2.3.2. The vehicle is equipped with a permanently built-in system capable of cleaning the windshield from icing and fogging. A system that uses heated air for cleaning glass must have a fan and air supply to windshield through the nozzles.

2.3.3. The vehicle is equipped with at least one windscreen wiper and at least one windscreen washer nozzle.

2.3.4. Each of the wiper blades after turning off automatically returns to its original position, located at the border of the wiping zone or below it.

2.4. Requirements for speedometers

2.4.2 The speedometer readings are visible at any time of the day.

2.4.3. The speed of the vehicle, as indicated by the speedometer, must not be less than its actual speed.

3. Requirements for passive safety

3.1. Requirements for injury safety of steering of vehicles of categories (with an automobile layout)

3.1.1. The steering wheel must not catch on or catch any part of the driver's clothing or jewelry during normal driving.

3.1.2. The bolts used to attach the steering wheel to the hub, when located outside, are recessed flush with the surface.

3.1.3. Uncoated metal knitting needles can be used if they have specified radii.

3.2. Requirements for seat belts and their attachment points

3.2.1. The seats of vehicles of categories M1 (with automotive configuration), with the exception of seats intended for use exclusively in a stationary vehicle, are equipped with seat belts.

In the case of seats that can be swiveled or fitted in other directions, only seat belts must be fitted in the direction intended for use when the vehicle is in motion.

3.2.2. The minimum requirements for the types of seat belts for different types of seats and categories of vehicles are shown in Table 3.1.

3.2.3. The use of retractors is not allowed with seat belts:

Table 3.1 Minimum requirements for seat belt types

3.2.3.1. Which do not have a strap length adjuster;

3.2.3.2. Which require manual operation of the device to obtain the desired strap length and which automatically lock when the user reaches the desired length.

3.2.4. Belts with three-point attachment and retractors have at least one retractor for the diagonal webbing.

3.2.5. Except as provided in paragraph 3.2.6., Each passenger seat fitted with an airbag shall be provided with a warning sign against the use of a rearward facing child restraint. A pictographic warning label, which may contain explanatory text, is securely attached and positioned so that it can be seen by a person intending to install a rearward facing child restraint on the seat. The warning sign must be visible in all cases, including when the door is closed.

The pictogram is red;

Seat, Child Seat and Airbag Contour Line - Black;

The words "Air Bag" and also the airbags are white.

3.2.6. The provisions of paragraph 3.2.5. Shall not apply if the vehicle is equipped with a sensor mechanism that automatically detects the presence of a rearward facing child restraint and prevents the deployment of an airbag with such a child restraint system.

3.2.7. Seat belts are installed in such a way that:

3.2.7.1. There was practically no possibility of slipping off the shoulder of a correctly worn belt as a result of the driver or passenger shifting forward;

3.2.7.2. There was practically no possibility of damage to the belt strap when it came into contact with sharp, hard structural elements of the vehicle or the seat of child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems.

3.2.8. The design and installation of seat belts allows you to wear them at any time. If the seat assembly, or the seat cushion and / or the backrest can be folded down to provide access to the rear of the vehicle or the cargo or luggage compartment, the seat belts provided must be accessible or easily removed from the seat belts once they have been folded back and then repositioned - under the seat, or because of it by the user without assistance.

3.2.9. The device for opening the buckle is highly visible and easily accessible to the user and is designed to prevent unexpected or accidental opening.

3.2.10. The buckle is located in such a place that it is easily accessible for the rescuer in the event that it is necessary to urgently release the driver or passenger from the vehicle.

3.2.11. The buckle is installed in such a way that, both in the open state and under the load of the user's weight, he can open it with a simple movement of both the left and right hands in the same direction.

3.2.12. The belt being worn is either automatically adjusted or designed so that the manual adjustment device is easily accessible to the seated user and is comfortable and easy to use. In addition, the user should be able to tighten the belt with one hand, adjusting it to their body size and the position in which the vehicle seat is located.

3.2.13. Each seat is equipped with seat belt attachment points that match the type of belt used.

3.2.14. If to provide access to the front and rear seats When a double-leaf door structure is used, the design of the belt attachment system should not impede the free entry into and out of the vehicle.

3.2.15. The attachment points are not located on thin and / or flat panels with insufficient rigidity and reinforcement, or in thin wall pipes.

3.2.16. When visually inspecting the attachment points of the seat belts, no gaps in the weld or visible lack of fusion are observed.

3.2.17. The bolts used in the construction of the anchorage points of the seat belt must be of class 8.8 or better. Such bolts are marked with the designation 8.8 or 12.9 on the hex head, but 7/16 bolts? UNF (anodized) seat belt anchorages that are not marked with these markings may be regarded as bolts of equivalent strength. Bolt thread diameter is not less than M8.

3.3. Requirements for seats and their anchorages

3.3.1. The seats are securely attached to the chassis or other parts of the vehicle.

3.3.2. On vehicles equipped with mechanisms for longitudinal adjustment of the position of the cushion and the angle of inclination of the seat backs or a mechanism for moving the seat (for getting in and out of passengers), these mechanisms must be operational. After the termination of regulation or use, these mechanisms are automatically blocked.

3.3.3. Head restraints are installed on each front outboard seat of vehicles of categories M1.

3.4. Requirements for injury safety of the internal equipment of vehicles of category M1.

3.4.1. The surfaces of the inner volume of the passenger compartment of the vehicle must not have sharp edges.

Note: A sharp edge is considered to be an edge of hard material that has a radius of curvature less than 2.5 mm, except for protrusions on the surface not more than 3.2 mm high. In this case, the requirement for a minimum radius of curvature does not apply, provided that the height of the protrusion is not more than half of its width and its edges are blunt.

3.4.2. The front surfaces of the seat frame, behind which the seat is located, intended for normal use while the vehicle is in motion, are covered at the top and rear with non-rigid upholstery.

Note: A non-rigid upholstery material is one that has the ability to push through with a finger and returns to its original state after removal of the load, and, when compressed, retains the ability to protect against direct contact with the surface it covers.

3.4.3. Shelves for things or similar interior elements do not have brackets or attachment parts with protruding edges and, if they have parts protruding into the interior of the vehicle, then such parts have a height of at least 25 mm, with edges rounded to a radius of at least 3.2 mm, and covered with non-rigid upholstery.

3.4.4. The inner surface of the body and the elements installed on it (for example, handrails, lamps, sun visors) located in front and above the seated driver and passengers, which may come into contact with a sphere with a diameter of 165 mm, in the case of protruding parts made of hard material, satisfy the following requirements:

3.4.4.1. The width of the projections is not less than the projection amount;

3.4.4.2. If these are roof elements, the radius of curvature of the edges is not less than 5 mm;

3.4.4.3. If these are roof-mounted components, the radii of curvature of the contacting edges must not be less than 3.2 mm;

3.4.4.4. Any roof slats and ribs, with the exception of glazed front frames and door frames, made of rigid material, shall not protrude more than 19 mm downward.

3.4.5. The requirements of paragraph 3.4.4 apply, inter alia, to vehicles with an opening roof, including opening and closing devices in the "closed" position, but do not apply to vehicles with a folding soft top in the part of the folding top covered with non-rigid upholstery. material, and elements of the folding roof frame.

3.5. Requirements for doors, locks and door hinges for vehicles of categories M1

3.5.1. All doors opening access to the vehicle can be securely locked with locks when closed.

3.5.2. Door locks mechanisms for entry and exit of the driver and passengers have two locking positions: intermediate and final.

3.5.3. The hinged door lock mechanisms do not open in either intermediate or final locking positions when a force of 300 N is applied.

3.6. Requirements for injury safety of external projections of vehicles of categories M1

3.6.1. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer surface of the body, located between the floor line and a height of 2 m from the road surface, there are no structural elements that could catch (hook) or increase the risk or severity of injury to any person who may come into contact with the vehicle.

3.6.2. Emblems and other decorative objects protruding more than 10 mm, including any substrate, above the surface to which they are attached have the ability to deflect or break off when a force of 100 N is applied to them, and in a deflected or broken state they do not protrude above the surface, to to which they are attached by more than 10 mm.

3.6.3. Wheels, wheel nuts or bolts, hub caps and wheel caps do not have any sharp or cutting edges that protrude from the surface of the wheel rim.

3.6.4. The wheels do not have wing nuts.

3.6.5. The wheels do not protrude beyond the outer contour of the body in plan, with the exception of tires, wheel caps and wheel nuts.

3.6.6. Side air deflectors or gutters, if they are not curved towards the body so that their edges cannot come into contact with a ball with a diameter of 100 mm, have a radius of curvature of at least 1 mm.

3.6.7. The ends of the bumpers are bent towards the body so that a ball with a diameter of 100 mm cannot come into contact with them and the distance between the edge of the bumper and the body does not exceed 20 mm. Alternatively, the ends of the bumper can be recessed into the body recesses or have a common surface with the body.

3.6.8. Drawbars and winches (if equipped) do not protrude from the front surface of the bumper. It is allowed that the winch protrudes beyond the front surface of the bumper if it is covered by a suitable protective element having a radius of curvature of less than 2.5 mm.

3.6.9. For vehicles of category M1, door and trunk handles do not protrude beyond the outer surface of the body by more than 40 mm, the rest of the protruding elements - by more than 30 mm.

3.6.11. The open ends of rotary handles rotating parallel to the plane of the door should be bent towards the surface of the body.

3.6.12. Swivel handles that rotate outward in any direction but not parallel to the plane of the door are shielded or recessed when closed. The end of the handle is directed either backward or downward.

3.6.13. Glass windows that open outward with respect to the outer surface of the vehicle, when opened, do not have edges directed forward, and also do not protrude beyond the edge of the overall width of the vehicle.

3.6.14. The rims and visors of the headlights do not protrude in relation to the most protruding point of the headlamp glass surface by more than 30 mm (when measured horizontally from the point of contact of a sphere with a diameter of 100 mm simultaneously with the headlamp glass and the headlamp rim (visor)).

3.6.15. The jack brackets do not protrude beyond the vertical projection of the floor line directly above them by more than 10 mm.

3.6.16. Exhaust pipes protruding more than 10 mm beyond the vertical projection of the floor line located directly above them, end with a nozzle or a rounded edge with a radius of curvature of at least 2.5 mm.

3.6.17. The edges of steps and steps should be rounded. 3.6.18. The radius of curvature of the outwardly protruding edges of the side air fairings, rain shields and anti-mud deflectors of windows is at least 1 mm.

3.7. Requirements for rear and side protective devices

3.7.2. The rear protective device must be no more than the width of the rear axle and no shorter than it by more than 100 mm on each side.

3.7.3. The height of the rear guard must be at least 100mm.

3.7.4. The ends of the rear guard must not be bent back.

3.7.5. The rear surface of the rear protective device shall be no more than 400 mm from the rear clearance of the vehicle.

3.7.6. The edges of the rear guard are rounded off with a radius of at least 2.5 mm.

3.7.7. The distance from the supporting surface to the lower edge of the rear guard shall not exceed 550 mm throughout its entire length.

3.7.8. The lateral protective device must not protrude beyond the width of the vehicle.

3.7.9. The outer surface of the lateral protective device shall be not more than 120 mm inward from the lateral dimensions of the vehicle. At the rear, for at least 250 mm, the outer surface of the side protector shall be no more than 30 mm inward from the outer edge of the outer rear tire (excluding the deflection of the tire at the bottom under the weight of the vehicle). Bolts, rivets and other fasteners can protrude up to 10 mm from the outer surface. All edges are rounded off with a radius of at least 2.5 mm.

3.7.10. If the lateral protective device consists of horizontal profiles, the distance between them must be no more than 300 mm, and their height must be at least:

3.7.11. The front end of the lateral protective device is horizontally spaced:

3.7.11.1. For trucks, no more than 300 mm from the rear tread surface of the front tire. If there is a cabin in the specified area, then - no more than 100 mm from the rear surface of the cabin;

3.7.11.2. For trailers not more than 500 mm from the rear tread surface of the front tire;

3.7.11.3. For semi-trailers, no more than 250 mm from the supports and no more than 2.7 m from the center of the kingpin.

3.7.12. The rear end of the side protector is horizontally spaced not more than 300 mm from the front tread surface of the rear tire.

3.7.13. The distance from the supporting surface to the lower edge of the lateral protective device does not exceed 550 mm throughout its entire length.

3.7.14. Spare wheel permanently fixed to the vehicle body, container for rechargeable batteries, fuel tanks, brake receivers and other components may be considered as part of the lateral protector if they meet the above stated dimensional requirements.

3.8. Fire safety requirements

3.8.1. Fuel that may spill when filling the fuel tank (s) does not reach the exhaust system exhaust gases, and is diverted to the ground.

3.8.2. The fuel tank (s) are not located in the passenger compartment or other compartment that is part of, and does not constitute any of its surface (floor, wall, partition). The passenger compartment is separated from the fuel tank (s) by a partition. The bulkhead may have openings, provided that they are designed in such a way that, under normal operating conditions, fuel from the tank (s) cannot freely flow into the passenger compartment or other compartment that is its integral part.

3.8.3. The fuel filler neck is not located in the passenger compartment. luggage compartment and in engine compartment and is provided with a cover to prevent fuel spillage.

3.8.4. The filler cap is attached to the filler pipe.

3.8.5. Prescriptions of paragraph 3.8.4. It is also considered to be fulfilled if measures are taken to prevent the escape of excess vapors and fuel in the absence of a filler cap. This can be achieved by one of the following measures:

3.8.5.1. Use of a non-removable fuel filler cap that opens and closes automatically;

3.8.5.2. Use of structural elements that prevent leakage of excess vapors and fuel in the absence of a filler cap;

3.8.5.3. Taking any other measure giving the same result. Examples may include, but is not limited to, the use of a cabled lid, a lid provided with a chain, or a lid that is opened using the same key as the vehicle ignition switch. In the latter case, the key must be removed from the filler cap lock only in the locked position.

3.8.6. The seal between the cover and the filling pipe is firmly fixed. In the closed position, the lid fits snugly against the seal and the filling pipe.

3.8.7. There are no protruding parts, sharp edges, etc. near the fuel tank (s) so that the fuel tank (s) is protected in the event of a frontal or side collision of the vehicle.

3.8.8. Components fuel system are protected by parts of the chassis or body from contact with possible obstacles on the ground. Such protection is not required if the components located at the bottom of the vehicle are located in relation to the ground above the part of the chassis or bodywork located in front of them.

5. Ways to improve external passive safety

External passive safety reduces injuries to other road users: pedestrians, drivers and passengers of other vehicles involved in road accidents, and also reduces mechanical damage to the cars themselves. This safety is possible when there are no protruding handles or sharp corners on the outer surface of the car.

Literature

1. Theory and design of the car and engine

2. Vakhlamov V.K., Shatrov M.G., Yurchevsky A.A. Agafonov A.P., Plekhanov I.P. Car: Tutorial... ? M .: Education, 2005.

3. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09/10/2009 N 720 (as amended on 12/22/2012, as amended on 04/08/2014) "On approval of technical regulations on the safety of wheeled vehicles"

4. Volgin V.V. A tutorial on driving a car. ? M .: Astrel? AST, 2003.

5. Nazarov G. Tutorial for driving a car. - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2006.

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