The cylinder head is the most important part for every modern, absolutely everything is completed power plantsbe it diesel car or gasoline. Of course, there are differences between them - and the type of fuel, however, the structure and principle of operation of the block head does not change from this. Therefore, today we will analyze general design of this item.

and working principle

Despite its importance in the operation of the engine, the cylinder head is quite simple in design. This mechanism consists of parts such as:

• gas distribution valves, namely intake and exhaust;
• spark plugs (in the case of a gasoline engine) or injectors (in the case of a diesel engine);
• combustion chamber block of the fuel-air mixture.

Based on the photo provided at the very beginning of the article, we can see what constitutes the structural part of the engine (in fact, a large aluminum cover) with pressed-in valve seats and guide bushings. It should be noted that the axes of these parts must fully coincide with each other, otherwise, otherwise, the entire crank mechanism will fail.

The ICE head and the block are structurally interconnected using a special refractory steel-asbestos gasket. The latter excludes the possibility of gases escaping through the junction of the devices and loss of compression. It should be noted that this gasket, despite its primitive design, is very important for the car. In case of loss of its sealing properties, the operation of the entire engine may deteriorate. First, the phenomenon of compression will occur, the motor will lose its power, and then it may stop working altogether. The car's traction stops due to the unauthorized escape of gases from the chamber. And given the fact that inside the internal combustion engine is formed high degree compression (about 2 thousand atmospheres on diesel and 100 on gasoline engines), the loss of power can be significant.

The cylinder head (including GAZelle 3302) is also part of the KShM, therefore its relationship with the engine is direct.

Maintenance features

Every detail, no matter how reliable it is, sooner or later undergoes wear and tear, despite the fact that the cylinder head (including the VAZ-2110) can last from 200 to 400 thousand kilometers. This does not exclude the possibility of its deformation and wear earlier. As a rule, this is due to frequent but the cylinder head may break down and due to untimely replacement gaskets. Therefore, in order for the block head to serve as long as possible, firstly, do not overheat the motor and do not try to cool it with water from above. Second, change and check the condition of the gasket regularly. The same applies to the mounting bolts. Further, do not forget about seasonal cleaning of the valves of the inlet and outlet stroke and carbon deposits. Subject to these simple tips your engine will last a long time and without any breakdowns.

Any motor has a complex structure, each element of which is necessary to perform a specific task. One such element is the cylinder head.

The cylinder head is the heart of any car or motorcycle. The device is needed in order to control the engine internal combustion gas outlet. By its nature, the cylinder head is the cover that covers the block itself. The cylinder head cover is made of aluminum alloys, it can also be made of cast iron. In production, the cylinder head is subjected to an artificial aging process. The number of cylinder heads directly depends on the type of internal combustion engine, if it is a V-type, a separate head is used for each row.

The operation of the cylinder head is very dependent on the degree of compaction of the head with the cylinder block. This explains the fact that the top of this part is slightly narrower in comparison with the bottom. The gasket is located between the head and the cylinder block itself.

Installation and fixation of the cylinder head is carried out using pins, which are designed to secure the part. Correct installation greatly affects the further operation of the cylinder head. For each vehicle the instructions indicate their own regulations. For this reason, you should not borrow the head mounting scheme from a foreign car for a domestic-made car. Do not forget that the pins have a certain tightening order, along with the required tightening torque. For correct installation cylinder head used special tool - torque wrench.

When installing and tightening the cylinder head, you should first of all rely on the installation instructions, and not brute physical force. If you overtighten the cylinder head, damage to the gasket, the cylinder head oil channel and other equally important components of this system is possible. For example, the head in the cylinders may crack, change in size, the entire operation of the engine depends on the operation of this element, and as a result, the vehicle as a whole.

Design features

The design of the cylinder head is not as simple as it seems at first glance. All components of this detail will be described below.

Currently, all elements of the cylinder head are made of aluminum alloys, previously alloyed cast iron was used for the same purpose. Some vehicles are still equipped with a cast iron cylinder head. This is explained by the fact that cast iron is most justified for very high or very low temperatures... Aluminum alloys are most susceptible to deformation due to temperature differences. The cylinder head dimensions change during engine operation due to the increased temperature.

The cylinder head consists of the following elements.

• Sealing gasket.
• Gas distribution mechanism.
• The cylinder head housing, this is where all the mechanisms and pipes of the cooling system, oil lines and the combustion chamber are located.
• Compartments in which spark plugs are subsequently mounted.
• Gas distribution mechanism drive.
• Combustion chamber where the fuel combustion process takes place.
• There are also landing planes that make it possible to release processed gases.

You should talk in more detail about each of these elements. The cylinder head valves are in 1 row, each of which is inclined to the cylinders by twenty degrees. In cars of the latest generation, it can use a slightly different principle of the cylinder head device, but in general, everything is about the same.

It is worth talking in more detail about the sealing gasket, the basis of which is reinforced asbestos. The manufacture of this element from just such a material is explained by the high temperatures during the operation of the internal combustion engine, and there is also a lot of pressure on the gasket. A gasket made of reinforced asbestos is able to ensure the tightness of all channels and motor systems.

If you disassemble the front of this device, you can see that the timing drive is located here along with the chain tensioner. Combustion chambers have close contact with the block, for this reason they are processed mechanically. The volumes of the compression chambers are somewhat smaller than the sizes of the pistons. This is explained by the fact that during iCE operation, at the moment of raising the pistons, this design makes it possible for air mixtures to twist. As a result, the fuel combustion process itself improves.

Holes for spark plugs are located on the left section of the cylinder head, and systems for supporting the lever and support washers are mounted here. At the top of the cylinder head there is a cover that is bolted to the rest of the body.

There are non-removable elements in the cylinder head. The valve seats, which are necessary for the tightness of the gas distribution mechanism, are also located here the guide bushings. It should be noted that these elements were assembled by pressing. That is, it is impossible to replace them at home; you will need to contact a service center or use special equipment.

Some car owners are trying to do cylinder head repair work on their own, but this is not recommended, otherwise negative consequences are possible.

1. The cylinder head can change in shape, as a result, the tightness of the valves and the combustion chamber will be broken.
2. Due to improper heating, the cylinder head will become unusable.
3. The formation of cracks and microcracks is possible, good work motor with which it will become impossible.

Repairing non-removable elements at home can lead to the fact that you have to purchase a new cylinder head. No one says that a competent specialist will not be able to repair one of these parts, but this is not always possible to do.

Diagnostics and maintenance

Sooner or later, any mechanism in a vehicle will need diagnostics and maintenanceThe cylinder head is not any exception to the rule. In this matter, the main task of the vehicle owner is to periodically diagnose those elements that most often fail.

• Valves and their seals.
• Sealing gasket.

Particular attention should be paid to the gasket, if it is worn out, working fluids may mix, which will lead to engine damage. On hit coolant in working oil, it will seethe. Over time, this will lead to the inability to start the motor. In this case, the main signal will be the temperature sensor, which will indicate the boiling of the internal combustion engine. You can also assess the situation by removing the spark plugs. Why is the renovation necessary? Most often, dismantling the cylinder head cannot be avoided in the following cases.

• The height of the cylinder head has changed.
• There was a need to press out the valves and seats.
• One or more valves have stopped functioning and need to be replaced.
• Cover grinding required.
• The gasket needs to be replaced.
• It is necessary to get rid of microcracks.

If you understand where each step will lead, and have necessary tools, you can do cylinder head repair work at home, but even the most high-tech equipment in the hands of an inexperienced owner will not help fix the problem.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

According to experts, the cylinder head takes up up to 50% of all loads of an internal combustion engine. It is the loads and temperature differences that become the main causes of cylinder head damage.

In the technical centers of the company "Mechanics" experienced specialists carry out the whole complex necessary work for the repair of engine cylinder heads passenger cars and motorcycles (motorcycles, scooters, jet skis, etc.).

Cylinder head repair works are carried out in two stages:

• At the first stage troubleshooting of the cylinder head received for repair is carried out. Experts disassemble the cylinder head, carry out a wash, assess the condition of the gas distribution mechanism. If necessary, carried out (tightness test). Based on the results of troubleshooting, an estimate of the necessary renovation works and parts requiring replacement, which is agreed with the customer.
• In the second stage repair of the cylinder head is carried out directly.

It should be noted that the professional troubleshooting allows us to offer an optimal cylinder head repair scheme and save our customers' time and money.

Cylinder head repair works in the technical centers of the "Mechanics" company are carried out by experienced specialists using high-tech equipment. The availability of CNC machines at production sites allows us to carry out work of almost any complexity.

The cylinder head is the main structural unit car engine... Malfunctions in its operation can lead to serious consequences, up to overhaul motor. You can learn more about this device from this article.

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Cylinder head concept

What is a cylinder head in a car, what is the decryption of this device? Cylinder head or cylinder head is an integral part power unit... This device is designed to control the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture in the power unit, as well as the removal of exhaust gases. The cylinder head is the cover of the power unit, which is mounted directly on top of the block. This assembly can be made of aluminum alloy or alloy cast iron.

After the completion of the casting process in the manufacture of automobiles, the cylinder head undergoes an artificial aging process to remove residual stress from the device. If the car engine is single-row, then one cylinder head is used in it. If we are talking about W-shaped units, in this case, a separate cylinder head will be used for each cylinder bank. The lower part of the structure is wider, this is necessary to securely fix the unit on the unit. In order to seal the block with the cylinder head in the car, a sealing component is used - a gasket (the video was filmed and published by the Theory of Internal combustion channel).

Installation and fastening of the device to the motor is carried out thanks to the guide pins that fix the cylinder head on the engine. The pins on the head are screwed in a certain order, which is determined for each brand of car, and the tightening torque of the device is also especially important. For tightening, a torque wrench is used, which determines this moment - if you tighten the pins by force, not observing the moment, there is a possibility of damage to the device. Deformation of this structure will cause the need to replace it.

Design features of the cylinder head

Previously, cylinder heads were made of cast iron, but today this material is not used for production. Cast iron heads are still found in many cars today. The use of this material is due to the fact that cast iron cylinder heads perform better in severe temperatures. Cast iron heads cope better with high heat and low temperatures, and aluminum devices are more susceptible to shrinkage and deformation when working under such conditions (Alexander Skripchenko).

One of important elements The cylinder head of an auto is considered to be a gasket that is made of reinforced asbestos. Thanks to the use of this material, the gasket allows it to cope with its tasks at elevated temperatures, and also withstands high pressure. The gaskets made of asbestos ensure good tightness of the cooling system lines, combustion chamber and oil line.

The following are the main components of an automobile engine cylinder head:

1. Gasket.
2. Gas distribution mechanism.
3. Crankcase. All elements and assemblies of the device are located on the crankcase, including the channels of the cooling system and oil drive. The combustion chamber is also located here.
4. Technological connectors for installing injectors or candles.
5. The combustion chamber itself. This assembly is used to support the engine air-fuel combustion procedure.
6. Gas distribution mechanism drive.
7. Seats with threaded holes. They are equipped with intake and exhaust manifolds.

The valves on the cylinder head are installed in the same row on the structure. The valves are installed at an angle of 20 degrees. Design features in different cars, especially modern production, they may differ, but usually the valves are in the same row.

In the front of the cylinder head there is a technological surface for mounting the timing chain drive, as well as the belt tensioner or timing chain. The combustion chambers of an automobile engine are mounted tightly to the cylinder block itself, they are machined to ensure a secure fit. As for the dimensions, the area of \u200b\u200bthe compression chambers will be lower than the dimensions of the piston crown. This ultimately makes it possible to improve the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinders.

There are 4 technological holes on the left side of the block head, into which candles or engine nozzles are installed. On the other side there is a flange, collectors are mounted on it. The cooling system lines are located in the immediate vicinity of the flange, through which the refrigerant circulates. Technological holes are located on top of the block head, in which guide elements, washer supports, and camshaft bearing devices are mounted. Also, a cover is mounted on the top, which is fixed with pins.

Non-removable elements are also installed on the cylinder head:

• valve seats used to ensure the tightness of the timing;
• valve guides.

Fixed elements are assembled by pressing into the block head structure. The process of dismantling and replacing these devices is carried out using thermal equipment and tools that can be found at specialized maintenance stations. At home, their replacement will be impossible.

The decoding of the cylinder head is the cylinder head. This is the name of the part of the engine that covers the cylinder block. Depending on the complexity of the motor, it can be either a simple molded cover or a complex structure, which will include many mechanisms. Let's try to figure out what kind of part it is in the car.

What is a cylinder head?

First, let's define what a cylinder head is. Each engine includes the following elements:

• cylinders where a mixture of fuel vapor with air explodes;
• pistons, which transfer the energy of the explosion further, and at the same time compress it before ignition;
• the crankshaft is a specially shaped part that turns the movement of the pistons into rotation.

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For ease of maintenance in all engines, cylinders with pistons inside are combined into blocks. This combination is used in all motors where the number of cylinders is more than one. Basically, 4-cylinder blocks are now used in cars, so we will consider them below. In addition, for simplicity, we will describe the cylinder head inline engine: it has only one head. Have V-shaped motors there are two of them, but in general, the design of each of them is the same as in in-line.

The cylinder block is the main body of the engine. It is usually made as a single cast piece of cast iron or aluminum alloy. From below it is closed by a crankcase - but from above it is just closed by the block head. It is attached to the block and, like a lid, covers it from above.

Not just a cover: why is a cylinder head needed?

There are no unnecessary parts in the engine, but the cylinder head plays a special role in the engine. The purpose of the cylinder head is as follows:

1. On the one hand, it seals the working volume of the cylinders - but, on the other hand, provides access to the inside of the block if necessary. That is why the engine head is always removable, and it is attached to the block itself through a special gasket.
2. The cylinder head of the engine is used for fastening ignition parts - spark plugs. Without the GBS, you would have to make holes directly in the cylinder walls.
3. Often the head of the engine block is part of the combustion chamber, increasing the cylinder displacement and piston stroke.
4. In addition, the cylinder head usually contains the elements of the timing (gas distribution mechanism), manifolds and other elements necessary for the operation of the engine.

Gasket, valve and other cylinder head parts

Now let's take a look at the cylinder head device. Despite the fact that its design differs significantly in different engine models, there are common features inherent in most modern cylinder heads in a car. Therefore, speaking about the design, one can single out common nodes that can be found almost always.

Cylinder block cover housing

The main part of the cylinder head is its body. As a rule, it is one-piece and is made:

• cast iron - mainly on older engine models;
• alloy based on aluminum.

Experience shows that a cast-iron cylinder head cover is more reliable under extreme operating conditions (heat, or, on the contrary, excessive cold, work on increased revs etc.), but floating is lighter and has a higher thermal conductivity - and, therefore, the engine overheats more slowly. Because of this, now cast-iron cylinder heads are mainly used on diesel engines for powerful special equipment, and on carburetor engines they are mainly used alloy ones.

It is on the body that all the other nodes that contain the engine head are attached.

Cap

The cylinder head cover is, by and large, a decorative piece, however, it also has its own useful functions:

• It protects the cylinder head from contamination that could interfere with the operation of the mechanisms while driving.
• It prevents oil from splashing onto other components engine compartment in the car.

Valves and related parts

The cylinder head valves are designed to control the gas flows that occur during engine operation. They feed the fuel mixture into chambers where combustion takes place, and then release the exhaust gases for removal from the engine. Each valve consists of the following parts:

• The seat is directly where the valve is attached to the engine assembly.
• The needle is the unit itself that opens and closes the hole for the gas flow.
• Spring - Returns the valve needle to its place at the end of the cycle.

The valves are operated by the camshaft located in the head. With the help of cams (elements of rotation of a special shape), it opens and closes the valves during rotation. There are two main types of shaft operation used in motors:

1. Single Shaft (SOHC) - There is one shaft that drives all four sets of valves for the cylinders.
2. Twin-shaft (DOHC) - two mating shafts, one of which regulates the operation of the intake valves, and the other - the exhaust.

The camshaft is driven by a timing belt. The source of movement for him is crankshaft (crankshaft), which, in turn, is driven by the engine pistons during explosions of the fuel mixture. Thus, self-regulation is carried out in the engine.

Spark plug

Candles are used to ignite the fuel mixture. They are electrodes that are supplied with voltage from the vehicle's electrical system. The high-voltage discharge ignites a mixture of gasoline and air, and the released energy pushes the piston. From the piston, in turn, kinetic energy is supplied to the crankshaft - and, ultimately, due to its rotation, the operation of both the engine and other vehicle units is ensured.

Gasket

Separately, it is necessary to mention the gasket, with the help of which the sealing of the engine working volume is ensured, and the cylinder head is combined with the motor housing. Despite its outward simplicity, the gasket is difficult technical productensuring both tightness and mechanical strength of the unit. As a rule, it is made from steel asbestos - a composite material that combines a steel base and heat-resistant asbestos.

Unlike other assemblies, the gasket is a disposable item. Every time the engine head is repaired, it must be replaced. Normally, its reuse is unacceptable.

In the same case, when the gasket becomes unusable, the compression first drops (and at the same time the engine power), then the engine starts to work intermittently. As a result, the case may end in complete failure of the entire unit. That is why every motorist must carefully monitor the safety of the gasket.

Cylinder head modifications

Cylinder head options depend on the design of the engine and its brand. They differ from each other mainly in the following:

• linear dimensions based on the dimensions of the cylinder block itself;
• the sizes of the landing nests;
• valve location;
• permissible compression ratio on the engine;
• material used (cast iron, aluminum alloy, etc.).

In general, the modification recommended by the engine manufacturer should be used.

Cylinder head replacement and repair cost

Usually repairs are required if the engines overheat. In the same case, if watering of the engine was used for cooling, the cylinder head will have to be changed in any case: usually after such an operation, hidden cracks appear. In the same case, if there are shells on the cylinder head, the need for replacement or repair may arise much earlier than expected.

Like any other unit, the cylinder head in the car needs regular maintenance, and if the cylinder head malfunctions, it needs repair. As a rule, repairs are reduced to the following:

• In case of malfunction of individual mechanisms - replacement of the corresponding parts (valves, etc.).
• In case of defects in the body itself (a crack in the cylinder head) - complete replacement the whole node.

When replacing the head along the way, it is imperative to change the oil, oil filter and a gasket - it should not be used a second time.

In the event that the car owner has neither the tools nor the skills for self replacement The cylinder head, repairs will cost him from 4 to 7 thousand rubles, depending on the complexity of the work. This amount does not include the cost of those parts that have to be replaced along the way.

The tightening torque of the bolts when removing and installing the cylinder head

One of the main factors in head mounting and dismounting is the bolt force. It is because of this that one has to turn to specialized workshops: as experience shows, it is unrealistic to tighten the fastening bolts with an ordinary wrench, and an attempt will only lead to the fact that at the very first working stroke the engines will break through the gasket.

IN modern carsAs a rule, there is no need for additional tightening: all adjustments are made either directly at the factory or at certified service centers. It is necessary to tighten the bolts on your own only on old domestic cars (VAZ up to model 2109).

In this case, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the original engine maintenance manual, which indicates the tightening procedure and the required torque. Tightening is usually done as follows:

1. First - with an effort of 20 N * m.
2. Then - up to 85.7 N * m.
3. Turn the bolts perpendicular to the position in the previous step.
4. Final turn by another 90 degrees.

It is necessary to carry out the work using a wrench with a dynamometer. Without this, it makes no sense even to start work.

Broaching and grinding on the VAZ cylinder head and other engine modifications

Separately, it is worth considering such operations as broaching and grinding the head. The rule applies here:

• if we are talking about old VAZ models, then broaching must be done, in fact, with every engine maintenance;
• on new domestic cars and foreign cars, this operation is performed exclusively as needed. It usually occurs when the head is deformed and oil begins to flow. Simply put, when the head gasket began to pierce, it is urgent to make a broach.

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The same goes for sanding. It makes no sense to put an unpolished head after engine repair: as soon as the engine warms up, the tightness will be broken - and in the best case, the power will drop. In the worst case, air will begin to enter the working cavity - and it can end with anything, up to the complete failure of the entire motor.