The post-revolutionary formation of the national economy of the USSR, the development of industry and Agriculture led to an increase in the volume of transported goods.

The AMO-F-15 trucks available at that time and a number of various imported vehicles clearly could not cope with the task. It was necessary to establish the production of a sufficient number of modern domestic cars.

History of creation

After the reconstruction, in the late 20s - early 30s, the AMO (Moscow Automobile Society) plant began producing a new AMO-2 truck, which was completely assembled from imported parts, based on the American AutoCar-SA truck. From November 1931 the AMO-3 truck went into the series, which differed from its predecessor in the rear axle, battery ignition, headlight brackets and the shape of the front fenders. New car completely consisted of domestic components. As a result of the deep modernization of the AMO-3 car, carried out by Soviet designers led by E.I. Vazhinsky, a new model AMO-5 was obtained. After the reconstruction, which ended on October 1, 1931, the AMO plant was renamed, and it became known as ZIS (Stalin Plant), therefore, the truck received the designation ZiS-5. Unlike its predecessor, the ZiS-5 received an engine with increased power up to 73 hp. (at 2300 rpm), was created new box gears with four gears, instead of three, the hydraulic drive of the front wheel brakes was replaced with a mechanical one. The carrying capacity of the machine has also increased to 3 tons. The first 10 cars were assembled in June 1933. The car was put on the assembly line, without pre-assembly of prototypes. The production of cars was constantly increasing, if at first they collected 6-7 pieces a day, then the production reached tens and hundreds of cars a day. The ZiS-5 immediately gained a reputation for being simple and reliable machine, he excelled in off-road conditions. The engine started easily in the cold, and could consume gasoline with octane rating 45-60, and in warm weather it could also run on kerosene. A truck designed for 3 tons could carry 4-5 tons of cargo without strain. ZiS-5 had an amazing cross-country ability, comparable to 4x4 trucks, it could be successfully operated at any time of the year on unpaved wet or snowy roads. This was achieved by high traction characteristics of a low-speed engine and a good distribution of masses along the axes. The ZiS-5 was not distinguished by high comfort, the suspension was without shock absorbers, the cabin was not heated, and ventilation was carried out through an ajar windshield therefore, it was cold in the cabin in winter, and hot and dusty in summer. But on the other hand, the car had excellent maintainability, which was appreciated by German specialists who tested the captured trucks. All components of the machine could be disassembled and reassembled with a minimum of tools, and the parts could be broken only with very rough and inept handling. During the Great Patriotic War, the need for trucks increased greatly, in addition to transporting goods, it could be used as a tractor for regimental, divisional guns and anti-aircraft guns. In October 1941, when the Germans came close to Moscow, the State Defense Committee decided to evacuate industrial enterprises to the rear, ZiS was sent to Ulyanovsk and Miass. The Ulyanovsk plant already in February 1942 began the production of trucks from the existing backlog of parts. After the end of the Battle of Moscow, the plant returned from evacuation and in 1942 resumed production of the ZiS-5. In wartime, starting in 1942, the car was produced in the ZiS-5V "military" modification. In order to simplify production, the stamped wings were replaced with bent ones made of sheet metal, the wooden cabin was sheathed with plywood and clapboard, and the roof was made of wooden slats and covered with leatherette. The brakes were left only on the rear wheels, one tailgate remained in the body, and often, instead of two headlights, only one was placed on the driver's side. On the basis of the ZiS-5, in addition to the truck, it was created a large number of special machines. These were tankers and tanks for the transport and storage of various liquids, searchlights and anti-aircraft installations, buses, tractors, half-track trucks, fire engines, cranes, garbage trucks, city cleaning vehicles and many others. After the war, the ZiS-5 was used in the national economy for a long time, until it was replaced by more modern cars. We can say with confidence that the ZiS-5 made an invaluable contribution to the victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War and the post-war restoration of the national economy. In total, about a million copies of the ZIS-5, various modifications, were produced.

Truck specifications:

Length: 6060 mm
Height: 2160 mm
Width: 2230 mm
Ground clearance (clearance): 250 mm
Weight: 3100 kg.
Base: 3810mm
Front wheel track: 1545mm
Track rear wheels: 1675mm
Engine: carburetor ZIS;
Power: 76 hp
Gearbox: manual transmission 4
Maximum speed (on the road): 60 km/h;
Power reserve: 200 km
Fuel consumption: 30-33 l/100km
Load capacity: 3000 kg (25 people can be transported in the back)
Crossable ford: 0.6 m
Gradeability with full load: 14-15 o
Permissible trailer weight: 3500 kg

Today I offer you a photo review of the ZiS-5 truck, made during the celebration of May 9, 2014. This car is from the exposition of the Ulyanovsk Museum car factory is in good order technical condition, and arrived at the event on their own.

Models of this truck are available in various scales and by various manufacturers. In more detail, we will consider the construction of the ZiS-5 model on a scale of 1:72 from the Elf company.

Photos

It is worth recalling that the prototype of these legendary cars was an American Autocar truck, converted into, from which the three-ton truck came from, mass-produced since the end of 1933. He immediately began to enter the armed forces of the USSR and very soon turned into one of the main Vehicle Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA).

In 1942, after the evacuation of the plant, production of a simplified and lightweight version with conditional marking (military model) was resumed in Moscow without one headlight and front brakes, the equipment of which was determined only by the presence of assembly units and parts. Outwardly, it was distinguished by angular wings and a cockpit with a sheathing of wooden slats. In the summer of 1944, the Ural Automobile Plant named after Stalin (UralZIS) launched a parallel production of this truck.

By the beginning of the war, over 104 thousand ZIS-5 vehicles were in service with the Red Army. During the war, 102,000 of them were assembled at three factories, including 67,000 in Moscow.

Military versions of ZIS-5 trucks

Most of the ZIS-5 vehicles that served in the Red Army were not adapted for military service at all, but they were equipped with removable benches to transport 12–24 personnel.

Ordinary three-ton tanks served as the basis for numerous superstructures and light weapons, transported various cargoes and engineering equipment, and served as artillery tractors. IN special occasions they were equipped with special bodies with large side toolboxes, high sides of five boards and machine tools or a turret for an anti-aircraft machine gun.

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In the German army, captured three-ton tanks were equipped with their own high-sided bodies, put on a railway track and used to tow heavy guns and trailers.

Radio equipment

In simple wooden bodies or shielded vans, several types of powerful radio equipment were mounted on the ZIS-5 chassis. Among them were a particularly accurate transceiver RAT General Staff and military RAF with a communication range of up to 1000 kilometers.

In the conditions of massive bombardments of the first days of the war, all the efforts of the designers were thrown into the revision of the old and the creation of new top secret radar stations of the family RUS-2"Redoubt" on two trucks. The first housed a control room with a rotating antenna unit, the second carried a power gasoline-electric unit.

Auto repair shops

On the ZIS-5, in addition to type A flyers, they installed a car repair shop created especially for him. PM-5-6- type B fly. Its working equipment was placed in simplified bodies with folding side walls, and a stock of materials and accessories was stored in the visor above the cab.

In the first years of the war, this range expanded significantly due to specialized workshops located in type B pits. A removable manually operated transfer crane was often mounted on the bumper of such machines, and the power of their electric generators reached 30 kilowatts.

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Fuel service vehicles

The appearance of the three-ton tank made it possible to switch to heavier military refueling vehicles with steel tanks for delivery and distribution various kinds liquids. On the simplest tankers, manual or mechanical pumps were used, and the filling and emptying of tanks was carried out by gravity.

More advanced machines were equipped with their own pumps driven by the car's transmission. The basis of this range was an airfield tanker BZ-39 with a capacity of 2500 liters with a mid-position gear pump. Its package included a rear control compartment, dispensing sleeves, cans for lubricants and a mandatory grounding circuit under the chassis frame.

Upgraded variant BZ-39M differed by the right location of the pump and an open control unit. On a simplified model BZ-39M-1 wartime there were no control cabin and compartments for hoses.

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At the height of the war, a tanker appeared BZ-43, on which, due to the simplification of units and the use of light materials, the capacity increased to 3200 liters. The sleeves were hung right on the tank, along which there were platforms for a hand pump and cans for oils and lubricants.

Pre-war airfield tanker VMZ-40 was unified with the VMZ-34 model on the ZIS-6 chassis, but had a more powerful oil pump. During the war, it was replaced by a lightweight version VMZ-43. The heating boiler with two tanks for water and oil worked on wood or wood chocks, and the combustion products were thrown out through a folding chimney.

Aerodrome and balloon equipment

In the field of airfield vehicles, the ZIS-5 served as the basis for van bodies equipped with aircraft refueling stations. onboard systems. The first of these was the AKS-2 aviation compressor station with an auxiliary 40-horsepower engine that provided an operating pressure of 150 atmospheres. For refueling the balloons, the AK-05 oxygen-producing station was used, which produced pure oxygen from atmospheric air by strongly compressing it and distributing it into cylinders. At the end of the war, the AKS-05A variant appeared in a new body with improved insulation.

Engineering vehicles

The simplest vehicles of the engineering troops were various snowplows for cleaning military lines of communication and airfields. The engineering and construction and railway troops used ZIS-05 dump trucks with a carrying capacity of about three tons with all-metal rear tipping bodies.

In peace and war years, a whole range of automobile power plants was formed NPP for illumination of military territories and food of army consumers. They were placed on cargo platforms or in special vans and structurally differed from each other in the power of electric generators (12–35 kilowatts). Powerful power plants capable of moving along rails served in the railway troops.

A rare engineering technique included a filter station for natural water purification and disinfection using special reagents. For an hour of work, it produced 5,000 liters of clean water.

The engineering troops also included AVB-100 drilling rigs for digging trenches and shelters, as well as an SKS-36 compressor station for supplying compressed air to pneumatic working bodies and mechanisms. Floating pontoon parks for forcing water barriers, worthy of a special article, constituted a special category of engineering vehicles.

Chemical Service Vehicles

With the start of serial production of the ZIS-5, test samples of chemical machines of various designs and purposes were assembled on its basis. These included bleach autodegassers AHI for cleaning the area, machines ADM for the processing of military equipment, mobile hot air degassers AGV for thermal cleaning of equipment.

In the late 1930s, autofilling stations were tested and recommended for production. ARS for cleaning objects from toxic substances and a chemical intelligence laboratory. The most "terrible" in this list was a chemical machine BHM-1, equipped with a tank with poisonous compounds and a pump for spraying them on the ground. Fortunately, during the war, all this equipment was not useful.

Machine-gun three-ton guns

Since 1934, three-ton tanks have served as the base for various anti-aircraft systems to protect military columns and large objects from air attack. In their bodies, on special pedestals, anti-aircraft machines or turrets, Maxim machine guns, a 4M quad system, DShK heavy machine guns and an automatic anti-aircraft gun with a hitting height of about seven kilometers were mounted. Most of these machines were destroyed in the initial period of the war.

Huge losses and a shortage of armored vehicles at the first stage of the war led to the creation of their own armored hulls on the ZIS-5. The most famous were semi-armored trucks with armored cab and cargo platform with a 45-mm anti-tank gun, assembled in the summer of 1941 at the Izhora plant for the militia army.

Sanitary and staff buses

At the height of the war, on an ordinary ZIS-5 truck, the Moscow Automobile Plant assembled over five hundred simplest cars. medical service with multi-purpose wooden bodies equipped with four suspended stretchers and longitudinal seats for the lying and sitting wounded.

Otherwise, a short set of ambulance vehicles was reduced to three purely civilian city buses on an elongated ZIS-5 chassis, which in the Red Army, without any changes, were adapted to perform a wide variety of military tasks.

The bus was used both for transporting personnel and accommodating headquarters, as well as transporting 10–12 wounded to large hospital centers. In 1936, the first field operating room was equipped in it with a working room in a portable tent, and veterinary care vehicles with a winch for dragging sick horses entered the cavalry units.

In wartime, sound broadcasting stations, workshops, filtering stations and photo laboratories for processing and deciphering aerial photographs were also placed in the ZIS-8 cabin.

Bus ZIS-16 served in large military formations for the transport of personnel, and its sanitary version with frosted glass could deliver up to ten lying wounded and 12 lightly wounded on longitudinal seats or folding benches.

The most spacious were three-axle ambulance buses, converted in the fall of 1941 from the Leningrad passenger vehicles AL-2 with a 6x2 wheel arrangement. They were equipped with two-tier stretchers, seats for 56 patients and were used to evacuate residents of besieged Leningrad along the ice Road of Life.

Transferring the wounded and evacuees from buses to an ambulance train (movie shot)

Special versions ZIS-5

Special versions of three-ton tanks meant experimental and small-scale long-wheelbase variants, which were supplied to the Red Army in limited quantities. The first one was the chassis ZIS-11 with the equipment of fire lines PMZ-1, which served in large military formations and in air defense units.

The greatest success was accompanied by a car-chassis ZIS-12. His main feature there was a low-sided wooden body with wheel niches, which made it possible to significantly reduce the loading height. In the second half of the 1930s, it was produced in parallel ZIS-14 with ground clearance increased due to the installation of larger wheels from the ZIS-16 bus, and steel amplifiers of the loading platform.

In the Red Army, these machines were used to transport large-sized equipment, special vans and install twin 25-mm anti-aircraft guns capable of hitting enemy aircraft at an altitude of up to two kilometers.

These chassis also carried low-frame trucks with powerful electric arc anti-aircraft searchlights and sound pickups, which were widely used during the war. With the help of several such searchlights, light searchlight fields were created in the sky, which ensured the work of anti-aircraft artillery and the night operations of Soviet fighter aircraft.

In the title photo - a typical workshop PM-5-6 in working condition on a military-style ZIS-5 chassis

The article uses only authentic illustrations

Today, trucks are used in logistics. With their help, deliver various goods or provide various delivery services. Modern cars with a high load capacity are equipped with literally the latest technology - this allows you to ensure comfort, as well as driver safety. However, during the Great Patriotic War, feats were not performed. They participated in the delivery of weapons, ammunition, food and water. What was the cost of only delivering food to Besieged Leningrad. One of these is the legendary ZIS-5 truck. About him and will be discussed.

This car with a carrying capacity of 3 tons was the second in terms of mass production.

During the Second World War, he was one of the most massive. This model was made at the Stalin plant from 1933 to 1948.

adjustment child

At the very beginning, there was Otokar - this is an American, not very famous and not very popular model that was assembled by AMO. It was very simple in design, and its cost was low, which was very important.

And in 1931, the Moscow Automobile Society successfully survived the modernization, and then, at the facilities of the society, they began to assemble the new AMO-2. The car was built on the basis of American components and parts. Then there were many more modifications. AMO-3 can be distinguished. This truck had a carrying capacity of 2.5 tons - and now in 1933 it was again modified. In the meantime, the plant was also renamed, the new name is the Stalin Plant. ZIS-5 was built on the basis of AMO-3, but only on a domestic component base.

There were only 10 copies in the first batch. Conveyor assembly was established at the end of 33 years without production prototype car. The design was very simple, so there were no failures during assembly. The car was launched into the series in the shortest possible time.

The ZIS-5 truck received its popular name, and it was called nothing more than a “three-ton”, thanks to its carrying capacity. The Red Army called the car respectfully - "Zakhar Ivanovich."

As for the design, it is no different from other models of the war years. This is an automotive classic. They participated in the development and the work was carried out virtually completely from scratch. The main focus that faced the engineers was increased maintainability and maximum simplicity. However, it was necessary to improve the characteristics of patency and carrying capacity.

ZIS-5: device

The design was simple, if not primitive. The machine consisted of 4500 parts.

They were mainly made of cast iron, steel and wood. It was possible to disassemble the car with a minimum of tools. Hardware and fasteners were in nine sizes, and it was impossible to break the thread on them. Only 29 bearings were used in the device.

But for all its simplicity, the ZIS-5 (car) was quite modern for those times. The kit included an electric starter, a diaphragm-type gasoline pump, a fuel tank under the driver's seat. The oil was changed after 1200 km, and not after 600, as on other models. Run unnecessarily overhaul was 70,000 km.

Continuous Improvements

In the course of improvements, engineers developed and implemented in hardware new engine ZIS-5. AMO Z, and the "American" was equipped with a six-cylinder "Hercules". He gave out 60 horses at 2000 rpm. For Zakhar Ivanovich, this power was not enough.

Therefore, it was decided to increase the size of the cylinders. The result was successful - the power increased to 76 hp. With. So, the "three-ton" became one of the most powerful trucks for that period of time.

The power unit proved to be very reliable. It worked equally well on any fuel. He could work effectively even on kerosene. When it was hot, it evaporated as well as gasoline.

IN winter time the unit was started by pouring a little gasoline into the cylinders. To do this, I had to unscrew the spark plugs. Then the candles were returned back, and only after these manipulations the ignition knob was turned. Needless to say, the unit started almost half a turn.

Transmission

The old gearbox with the new motor categorically refused to work, so I had to urgently create a new design. So, it turned out a new gearbox for four gears, and not three, as it was on the previous model.

This box was 6.6, and in the main gear this number was 6.4. This allowed the ZIS-5 to pull a trailer of 16 tons, while the engine speed was 1700 rpm, and the speed was 4.3 km / h.

The first gear was used only off-road, or at maximum loads. By the way, the cross-country ability of the ZIS-5 was just excellent. Low-speed engine, good transmission, high ground clearance of 260 mm. The car could pass where others simply got stuck.

The gears in the gearbox of the new design were connected to the intermediate shaft not traditionally, but with the help of splines. This allows you to improve the alignment of the gears.

The previous model from Brown and Life had a simpler design. There, the gears were simply planted on a square fell.

Unreliable cardan shaft, which was equipped with three hinges and an intermediate support, was changed to a simpler one. It featured two hinges. They were easier and cheaper to make.

Chassis

Many were sure that the chassis in this truck is rather weak.

The frame was difficult to break, it did not bend. However, it could be very easily skewed. For example, if one wheel hit the road potholes.

Stiff springs did not bring any benefit. And such elasticity was obtained due to a special heat treatment technology. The crossbars, as well as other parts, were not connected to the spars using traditional welding, but were riveted. If repairs were carried out with the help of welding machines, then this significantly weakened it.

Cabin

During the war, the engineers faced the task of simplifying the cabin design as much as possible.

It began to be made of wood, as well as plywood. Wings were made by bending rolled products, in pre-war times they were stamped. The right headlight was removed. After the war, of course, the equipment was brought back to normal.

The view of the road was not as good as on today's truck models, but at that time there was not much choice. You can also forget about comfort. To fit between the steering wheel and the driver's seat, you need to be very lightly dressed. There was no soundproofing in the car - in order to hear the interlocutor, it was necessary to shout.

The cabin was equipped with a ventilation system, but there was no stove. And if the windows were frosted over, you had to use ventilation. However, the cabin was well ventilated naturally - there were many cracks.

Brake system

There were no modern designs. They were provided for, but in wartime there were no necessary volumes brake fluid. Therefore, the truck could be slowed down by mechanical rear brakes. By the way, the truck had excellent engine braking. As soon as the driver only relieves the pressure on the gas, or completely removes his leg, the car immediately slowed down. After the war, hydraulics were still installed.

Specifications

ZIS-5, model of the 30s with volume power unit in 5.5 liters, could produce a power of 73 liters. s, then after revision - 76, and after the war - 85 liters. With. The four-speed gearbox allowed for excellent traction control. The weight of the truck is 3100 kg, and maximum speed that was achieved was 60 km/h. Fuel consumption could range from 30 to 33 liters per 100 kilometers.

Due to its design, the car could easily pass fords up to 0.6 m deep.

The maximum lift at full load is 15%. Fuel tank had a volume of 60 liters.

Soldier, worker, legend

In 41, an air raid was carried out on the plant. Stalin. It was ordered to completely take out all production. In 42, the release was resumed again. These trucks performed a variety of functions in the rear and at the front. There were no buses yet, and 25 people could fit in the back of this car. They carried ammunition, various equipment. These cars took the soldiers of the Red Army to Berlin and back.

In Moscow, the truck was produced until the age of 48. The last batch was equipped with a new unit - ZIS-120. In total, about a million of these trucks were created.

This car is a rather modest worker with a very long and very confusing fate. Today, these are no longer found on the roads. They are preserved either in museums or in private collections. If you really want to, then you can make a reduced model of the ZIS-5 car. There are drawings in our article - this is a very exciting activity.

So, we found out the history of creation and specifications ZIS truck.

Currently, trucks are used to deliver a wide variety of goods and to provide services. Modern trucks are equipped with the latest technology, which provides convenience for the driver and safety on the road. But during the Great Patriotic War, even the simplest trucks performed real feats - this was the transportation of weapons, ammunition and the delivery of food. What is the cost of delivering food along the "Road of Life" to the surrounded Leningrad. About such a "hard worker" and will be discussed in this article.

Assembly of an onboard three-ton truck of universal purpose ZIS-5V (Stalin plant, military) at a Soviet plant

ZIS-5 ("three-ton", "Zakhar", "Zakhar Ivanovich") - soviet truck carrying capacity of 3 tons; the second largest truck of the 1930-1940s (the first place was occupied by GAZ-AA). During WWII, one of the main transport vehicles Red Army. Produced at the Stalin Automobile Plant from 1933 to 1948. During the war, a simplified military modification of the ZIS-5V was produced by the ZIS (1942-1946), UlZIS (1942-1944) and UralZIS (1944-1947) factories.

In 1931, the Moscow Automobile Society (AMO) plant was rebuilt and began assembling a new AMO-2 truck. Units and components for the car were supplied from America. Soon AMO-2 was modernized, and AMO-3 and AMO-4 saw the light. AMO-3 (capacity 2.5 tons) in 1933 the plant was seriously modernized again. New car was named ZiS - Plant named after Stalin. Cars AMO - 3 and ZIS - 5, unlike their predecessors, were made entirely of Soviet-made parts.

The first batch of ZIS-5, consisting of 10 vehicles, was assembled in June 1933. The ZiS-5 was put on the conveyor on October 1, 1933 without pre-assembly of a prototype. The simplicity of the design allowed the assembly to begin without any major failures. Serial assembly of the new car was launched as soon as possible.

The design of the "three-ton" (the ZiS-5 received this nickname among the people, it was also called "Zakhar Ivanovich" in the troops) was classic for that time. The design was developed practically from scratch by AMO-ZIS engineers: Vazhinsky E.I., Lyalin V.I. and Strokanov B.D.. The main focuses in the development were the simplification of the car and the increase in maintainability. In addition, it was necessary to improve the quality performance characteristics– increase in cross-country ability and carrying capacity of the car.

The engine displacement was increased to 5.55 liters, and the power was boosted to 73 hp. Also redid the radiator and air filter, upgraded the carburetor. Both bridges, propeller shaft, gearbox and frame have undergone changes. Significantly increased on the rear axle ground clearance, the front brakes were replaced with a mechanical drive. The cockpit of the ZiS-5 was significantly different from the cockpit of its predecessor. On a truck, it was made without a canvas sidewall.

During the war years, the production of cars was constantly increasing. If in the first month only six or seven cars were assembled a day, then after a while the number was already tens and hundreds. The truck proved to be excellent off-road and quickly gained a reputation for reliable and unpretentious equipment. As a rule, 4-5 tons were loaded onto the ZiS-5, even though the machine was designed to carry three tons. Despite the constant overload, the car went quietly, without strain. Improved performance was achieved through the installation of a low-speed engine. The traction capabilities of the ZiS-5 are very close to all-wheel drive trucks(due to off-road, the car could be used on roads of any category all year round).

Insufficient torsional rigidity of the carrier frame (a slight omission in the design) played an role in increasing the cross-country ability, since the wheel travel increased when overcoming bumps. The upgraded engine started without problems at low temperatures, and any low-grade gasoline was suitable for its operation. In running order, the truck could tow a trailer weighing up to 3.5 tons. The mileage before the first overhaul was 100 thousand km.

Soviet troops on the march. Infantry is moving along the sides of the road, in the center is a ZiS-5V truck

During the Second World War, the design of the ZIS-5 truck was greatly simplified. For the production of the cabin, wood and plywood were used, and the wings began to be bent from rolled metal (stamping was used before the war). The brakes were removed from the front wheels. The same fate befell the right headlight. The number of folding sides was reduced to one. At the end of the war, the pre-war equipment was partially restored.

In 1946-1948, a transitional (to the ZIS-150) model ZIS-50 was produced. This machine equipped with a ZIS-120 engine (derated to 80 hp). Fuel consumption was 30 liters per 100 km. Considering all the modifications (25 modifications were developed, 19 of which were put into production), the production of cars of this model continued until 1958, and if we take into account the deeply modernized Ural ZIS - 355M - until 1965.

ZIS-5 was also exported to other countries. For example, in 1934, a batch of 100 pieces. 5 was sold to Turkey. The export version of the ZIS-5 was distinguished by a nickel-plated radiator and a bumper consisting of two nickel-plated steel strips. Later, a modification of the ZIS-14 was exported, which has an elongated wheelbase, as well as the ZIS-8 bus. In the 1930s, ZIS buses and trucks were exported to Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, China, Spain, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Mongolia, Estonia and Turkey. A fairly large park of ZISs was formed after the Soviet-Finnish war in Finland, and of course, in the territories of the USSR occupied by Germany in 1941-1944.

Modifications:
ZIS-5V - a simplified wartime modification;
ZIS-5U - modification with an anti-aircraft machine gun on a special turret in the back;
ZIS-5US - had devices for hanging stretchers;
ZIS-6 is a six-wheeled off-road truck with a load capacity of 4 tons. In the summer and autumn of 1941, the first BM-13 and BM-8 Katyusha rocket launchers were installed on the ZIS-6 chassis. In 1935, experimental buses ZIS-6 "Lux" were assembled on the ZIS-6 chassis; in 1939, the BA-11 heavy armored car was created on the ZIS-6K chassis;
ZiS-8 - bus;
ZIS-10 - truck tractor, load capacity 3.5 tons;
ZIS-11 - extended chassis for fire trucks;
ZIS-12 - extended chassis for special purposes;
ZIS-13 - gas generator modification on the ZIS-14 chassis;
ZIS-14 - special purpose chassis;
ZIS-15, ZIS-15K - a modernized truck intended to replace the ZIS-5. It was distinguished by a streamlined cabin and plumage, an elongated and reinforced frame, an improved engine and an enlarged gas tank;
ZIS-16 - city bus;
ZIS-16C - ambulance bus;
ZIS-19 - construction dump truck;
ZIS-21 - gas generator modification;
ZIS-22 - half-track truck with a carrying capacity of 2.5 tons;
ZIS-22M - modernization of a half-track truck;
ZIS-30 - gas-cylinder modification;
ZIS-32 - all-wheel drive truck;
ZIS-33, ZIS-35sh - removable sets of half-track propellers;
ZIS-36 - all-wheel drive six-wheeled truck;
ZIS-41 - gas generator modification of a simplified design;
ZIS-42, ZIS-42M - half-track truck with a payload capacity of 2.25 tons with new design caterpillar mover;
ZIS-44 - ambulance bus;
ZIS-50 - a modification of the ZIS-5V equipped with a ZIS-120 engine (power 90 hp);
AT-8 - experimental artillery tractor, which has a double power plant from engines ZIS-16 and caterpillar mover from the T-70 tank;
AT-14 is an experimental artillery tractor with a dual power plant of ZIS-5MF engines.
LET - experimental electric vehicle;
ZIS-LTA is a semi-tracked logging vehicle.

By 1933, the amount of improvements developed for AMO-3 reached a critical level and the question arose of switching to the production of an improved model of a three-ton truck. This truck, produced by the Stalin Plant, was named. One of the reasons for switching to new model was that with its own weight of 2840 kilograms, the carrying capacity of the AMO-3 was only 2.5 tons, even for the AMO-F15 this ratio was better! The chassis could well withstand 3 tons of cargo, but the 60 horsepower engine was rather weak for this.

ZIS-5 was put on the conveyor without pre-assembly of a prototype on October 1, 1933. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, everything immediately went smoothly and without failures. The new car was launched into the series in the shortest possible time.

The production of ZIS-5 vehicles was constantly increasing. In the first month, six or seven cars were assembled a day, then tens and hundreds. The truck proved itself well off-road, quickly gained a reputation for unpretentious and reliable technology. Vehicle ZIS-5 although it was designed to carry 3 tons of cargo, 4 and even 5 tons were loaded onto it, and the truck pulled weight in excess of the norm calmly without strain. On June 20, 1941, there were already 104,200 ZIS-5 trucks in the Red Army.

With the outbreak of World War II, the need for the ZIS-5 increased dramatically - primarily because it could serve as a tractor for regimental and divisional guns. But on October 10, 1941, when the enemy came close to the capital, the State Defense Committee decided to urgently relocate Moscow's industrial enterprises to the rear. Five days later, ZIS received an order to evacuate, and on October 15, at 19:00, its assembly lines stopped. Shop equipment, machine tools, materials, together with the workers serving them, were sent to Ulyanovsk, Miass, Shadrinsk and Chelyabinsk - a total of 7,708 wagons and platforms with 12,800 pieces of equipment.

When the enemy was driven back from the capital, ZIS resumed the production of cars. Since June 1942, the “three-ton” again began to roll off the assembly line in a simplified wartime version - the ZIS-5V model. True, the first production of this version of the machine was mastered by the newly created (on the basis of the evacuated ZIS workshops) Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant - here, already in February 1942, their assembly began. At the same time, far away in the Urals, in the city of Miass, the construction of another car plant for the production of ZISs began. On December 10, 1941, a construction site was allocated for the construction of a new enterprise; at the same time, people and equipment evacuated from Moscow began to arrive. Construction work went on around the clock, and already in mid-February 1942, the car factories began to install assembly lines. On May 1 of the same year, the first Ural engine for the “three-ton” rolled off the assembly line.

When the enemy was driven back from the capital, ZIS resumed the production of cars. Since June 1942, the “three-ton” again began to roll off the assembly line in a simplified wartime version - the ZIS-5V model.

In 1942, UralZIS manufactured 9303 engines and 15375 gearboxes for the Moscow Automobile Plant. In July 1944, ZIS-5V vehicles also began to roll off the assembly line. In Moscow, motor production was restored in July 1943, and the daily output of trucks increased to 150 by the end of the year. In 1944, the plant manufactured 34,000 vehicles and 32,000 engines, and in total, 100,000 ZIS- 5.

Performance a simplified version of the ZIS-5V truck in relation to wartime, the German experts who tested the captured "three-tons" were also positively assessed. They noted not only the simplicity and reliability of the design, as well as high maintainability, but also excellent cross-country ability for a 4X2 vehicle.

ZIS-5V, having completed its combat path, remained on the assembly line for a long time - the Miass Automobile Plant produced it until 1958. True, the Ural autobuilders constantly improved the truck. The pivot assembly was reinforced front axle and the rear axle shaft, short sleeves are installed in the engine cylinders, the design of the ignition distributor regulator, the water pump drive, and the axle of the intermediate distribution system have been changed. The engine uses thin-walled support liners crankshaft, a little later, the mechanical brake drive was replaced with a hydraulic one.

In the UralZIS-355 model, produced in 1956, in addition to the above changes, the following were introduced: an increased power engine with aluminum alloy pistons and a K-80 or K-75 carburetor, a 12-volt electrical system, a new type of front fenders, a steering gear, having a globoidal worm and a double roller.

An interesting and now little-known modification of the ZIS-5V was produced by the Moscow Automobile Plant for some time. The fact is that the new engine of the ZIS-120 model, intended for the 4-ton ZIS-150, was mastered earlier than the entire car - at the end of 1947, so in the same 1947 they began to put it on some ZIS chassis -5V (only without compressor and with limited power). Such machines became known as the ZIS-50, and one prototype of this car was built back in 1944. In 1947, 194 of them were produced, and in the next - 13,701 pieces. The truck turned out to be dynamic, fast and very passable. Drivers on the ZIS-50 sometimes downright mocked the "Studebakers": they dragged their drivers into the race along the highway (and they thought that they were dealing with the usual "old man" ZIS-5V) and brought the latter almost to a heart attack, and their machines—before the melting of the liners in the engines. When the ZIS-5V was completely taken out of production in Moscow (April 30, 1948), the production of the ZIS-50 was also stopped.

ZIS-5V in wartime was used mainly as flatbed truck universal purpose, but fuel trucks, repair flying cars and special vans based on it were also widely used. In the post-war years, the demobilized "three-ton" mastered many civilian specialties. These were fire trucks, dump trucks, truck cranes, garbage trucks, bitumen trucks and many other special vehicles. They were in operation until the mid-seventies. Now they are practically gone. One exemplary restored ZIS-5V, produced in Moscow, is installed as a monument at the Likhachev Automobile Plant (ZIL).

Design and construction

ZIS-5 carried 3 tons of cargo and towed a trailer with a total weight of 3.5 tons. In his cargo platform(additionally equipped) could carry 25 people. Today this circumstance seems insignificant to us, but in the 1930s and 1940s, when there were not enough buses, especially in the provinces, it was of vital importance. And finally, another important indicator - average mileage The ZIS-5 before the overhaul was significant for the pre-war period - 70 thousand kilometers, and the most qualified drivers - they were called "hundred-thousanders" - reached the milestone of 100 thousand kilometers.

ZIS-5 with an axle distance of 3810 mm had a length of 6060 mm, an unloaded height of 2160 mm and a width of 2235 mm. Tire size - 34x7. If we compare the ZIS-5 with contemporary models of foreign firms, we can find many indicators by which it was inferior to them. Moreover, by the end of the 30s, a number of technical solutions used on it were already outdated. And yet, as the Great Patriotic War, in general, the car turned out to be very practical, unpretentious and reliable in very difficult weather conditions, bad roads, supplies are not good enough operating materials, low repairability.

To increase the working volume of the engine, work was carried out to increase the diameter of the cylinders to 4 inches. At the same time, the compression ratio decreased from 5 to 4.7, which negatively affected fuel consumption, but the engine size has now become 5.67 liters, and the power has increased to 73 horsepower. The AMO-Zenith carburetor was replaced with a MAAZ-5, for which a much-needed air filter appeared. Unlike Zenit, the MAAZ-5 economizer and accelerator pump were made in a single unit, which simplified its design.

The AMO-3 often broke the first gear gear - the gearbox was rather weak even for a 2.5-ton truck. The strength of the gears was increased by increasing the width of the teeth of the gear of constant mesh from 16 to 19 millimeters, and on gears - from 19 to 24 millimeters. In addition, the square-section shaft, which was extremely low-tech (after all, square holes had to be hammered under it in the gears, it was difficult to achieve a fit without distortions), they replaced the usual, round one, and the gears were fixed on it with Wurdf keys. In connection with the installation of a more powerful motor, the gear ratios were also changed.

Two AMO-3 cardan shafts were replaced with one, thereby eliminating the intermediate shaft bearing. At the same time, they abandoned elastic cardan joints with a rubber insert, replacing them with simpler and more reliable metal ones, such as "Spicer No. 500".

In addition, the unreliable hydraulic brakes of the front wheels were abandoned. The design itself was good, but the American company Lockheed flatly refused to sell us the recipe for hydraulic fluid, apparently hoping that the USSR would agree to buy it in America. However, no one was going to do this, and a mixture of 50% acetone and 50% glycerin or castor oil was used as a hydraulic fluid (for hot and cold regions of the country, this ratio changed according to a special table in the machine manual).

The six-cylinder lower valve engine was very hardy. A seven-bearing crankshaft with a large surface of the connecting rod and main journals provided the entire motor with greater durability. Cast iron pistons worked in cast iron cylinders. The camshaft was located on the right side of the crankcase and was driven from the crankshaft, like a generator and a water pump, by a set of gears. The breaker-distributor received rotation by helical gears from the shaft of the water pump, the oil pump - by a vertical roller through helical gears from camshaft. The gasoline pump was actuated through a lever from a cam made integral with camshaft. Only the rotation was transmitted to the fan by a belt. The ZIS-5 engine was equipped (unlike the GAZ-AA) oil filter with felt replaceable elements. Therefore, the replacement of the lubricant in the crankcase had to be done less frequently than on the GAZ-AA (not every 500 km, but after 1200!).

I must say that from the very beginning, the ZIS-5 valves were equipped with an adjusting device, but, like on the GAZ-AA, the ignition timing was set manually by turning the lever on the steering wheel hub. With a compression ratio of only 4.7 units, the ZIS-5 engine ran on gasoline with an octane rating of 55 - 60, and in hot weather even on kerosene. The motor was very flexible in operation. If he developed maximum power at 2200-2300 rpm, then the maximum torque was at 1200 rpm.

The ZIS-5 did not require frequent gear changes, it allowed for a long time to move in first gear at a speed of only 4-5 km / h, for which drivers sometimes compared the ZIS-5 with a tractor. ZIS-5 engines were also used on YAG-4 and YAG-6 trucks of the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant and buses. Simple gear box, double gear (spur and bevel gears) rear axle, axle shafts of an unloaded type - these are the design features of the transmission of this truck, quite traditional at that time for cars of this class.

The driver's cab was not heated and had the most primitive ventilation, but it was spacious. And if the ZIS-5 could not boast of comfort for the driver, he became the first domestic car with built-in as serial equipment tire inflation compressor, which was located on the right side of the gearbox and received rotation from its gears.

It seemed strange to many that the frame of the ZIS-5 was somehow "flimsy". True, it did not break or bend, but it easily warped when one wheel, for example, ran into a hillock or fell into a pothole. Quite rigid (according to the mass of the car and the cargo carried) springs in such cases were of little use. And the elastic frame, itself working like a spring, helped the wheels and suspension flow around bumps in the roads. The secret lay in the advantageous combination of spring and frame stiffness. High elasticity of the frame was achieved due to its heat treatment. The crossbars and other parts were not welded to the spars, but were riveted. Repair of such a frame by welding led to local annealing and only weakened it in the damaged area.

The ZIS-5 had a reputation for being a very simple machine. It consisted of 4.5 thousand parts (mainly cast iron, steel, wood) and could be disassembled or assembled using a minimum number of tools. Most of the bolts and nuts (only ten thread sizes) were not difficult to break even for an unskilled and sloppy mechanic. Machine parts rotated on only 29 ball or roller bearings, and the crankshaft - in babbitt bushings, poured directly into the body of the cylinder block or connecting rods.

It is surprising that the ZIS-5, not being a cross-country vehicle, could be successfully operated at any time of the year on soggy dirt roads, a snowy country road, and sands. This is due to the high traction characteristics of the engine, combined with an advantageous distribution of masses along the axles, despite the fact that only rear axle. For the most frequently encountered driving conditions, the traction reserve on the drive wheels in any gear remained large enough to overcome obstacles, but not excessive to cause wheel spin. At the same time, in an empty car, the rear drive wheels accounted for 58% of the mass, and with a full load of 77%, which ensured reliable grip on soft ground. In short, in terms of its traction capabilities, the ZIS-5 approached models with all-wheel drive. At the same time, it should be noted that the installation of tires with lugs, and even more so with snow chains, dramatically increased the cross-country ability of this truck.

Serial ZIS-5 early 30s with an engine displacement of 5550 cm 3 had a power of 73 horsepower. The 4-speed gearbox provided a wide (6.6) range of tractive effort. The curb weight of the car was 3100 kg, and it developed a speed of up to 60 km/h. Fuel consumption on average ranged from 30 to 33 l / 100 km. The car overcame fords with a depth of 60 centimeters, and the greatest rise that it could take with a full load was 14-15 °.

Simplified ZIS-5V, produced in wartime conditions, when all materials are scarce and the life of the car is short, has become much simpler than the base model. The wooden frame of the cabin was sheathed with wooden slats instead of tin; beautifully shaped round wings gave way to flat ones, welded from steel sheet; steering wheel received a wooden lining, instead of two headlights, only the left headlight remained, and mechanical brakes now acted only on rear wheels. The body remained only a tailgate. The measures taken made it possible to save almost 124 kilograms of metal on each car, which, taking into account the production of thousands of trucks, was of great importance in difficult wartime.

But all these simplifications did not mean a deterioration in the parameters of the car. On the contrary, he retained all the qualities for which he was loved by drivers. Although, say, the ZIS-5V did not differ in particular comfort - it was without shock absorbers in the suspension, without cabin heating, and ventilation was carried out through the ajar windshield or lowered side windows. Therefore, it was cold in the cabin in winter, hot and dusty in summer. Mechanical brakes required a lot of effort, and their effectiveness left much to be desired. But a very important quality of the design was that most of its 4.5 thousand parts had such proportions that they could be broken only with very rough and inept handling. Moreover, the design of the "three-ton" made it possible to disassemble the machine with a minimum number of tools.